Black Wall Street 100
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Black Wall Street 100 An American City Grapples With Its Historical Racial Trauma
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Author : Hannibal B. Johnson
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2020-07-20
Black Wall Street 100 An American City Grapples With Its Historical Racial Trauma written by Hannibal B. Johnson and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2020-07-20 with History categories.
Black Wall Street 100
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Author : Hannibal B Johnson
language : en
Publisher: Eakin Press
Release Date : 2021-05-20
Black Wall Street 100 written by Hannibal B Johnson and has been published by Eakin Press this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2021-05-20 with categories.
Black Wall Street 100: An American City Grapples with its Historical Racial Trauma, endorsed by the 1921 Tulsa Race Massacre Centennial Commission and the 400 Years of African American History Commission, furthers the educational mission of both bodies. The book offers updates on developments in Tulsa generally and in Tulsa's Greenwood District specifically since the publication of Hannibal B. Johnson's, Black Wall Street: From Riot to Renaissance in Tulsa's Historic Greenwood District. Black Wall Street 100 is a window into what distinguishes the Tulsa of today from the Tulsa of a century ago. Before peering through that porthole, we must first reflect on Tulsa's Historic Greenwood District in all its splendor and squalor, from the prodigious entrepreneurial spirit that pervaded it to the carnage that characterized the 1921 massacre to the post-massacre rebound and rebuilding that raised the District to new heights to the mid-twentieth-century decline that proved to be a second near-fatal blow to the current recalibration and rebranding of a resurgent, but differently configured, community. Tulsa's trajectory may be instructive for other communities similarly seeking to address their own histories of racial trauma. Conversely, Tulsa may benefit from learning more about the paths taken by other communities. Through sharing and synergy, we stand a better chance of doing the work necessary to spur healing and move farther toward the reconciliation of which we so often speak.
Apartheid In Indian Country
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Author : Hannibal B. Johnson
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2012
Apartheid In Indian Country written by Hannibal B. Johnson and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2012 with Social Science categories.
The binding persons of African descent and Native Americans trace back centuries. In Oklahoma, both free and enslaved Africans lived among the "Five Civilized Tribes" - the Cherokee, Muscogee (Creek), Chickasaw, Choctaw, and Seminole Nations. These tribes officially sided with the Confederacy during the Civil War. After that internecine conflict, the tribes-except for the Chickasaws-adopted their respective "Freedmen." The term Freedmen embraced both formerly-enslaved persons of African ancestry, and those free persons of African ancestry who lived among the tribes. In the modern era, the tribes who granted citizenship to hide their Freedmen have sought to disenfranchise them. Freedmen descendants-persons of African ancestry with blood, affinity, and/or treaty ties to the Five Civilized Tribes-still struggle for recognition and inclusion. The Freedmen debate rages in the Cherokee Nation of Oklahoma, where legal battles in tribal and federal courts have waged, and a confrontation with the Bureau of Indian Affairs over the issue threatens tribal sovereignty. The Cherokee controversy is both illustrative and emblematic of larger questions about the intersection of race, Indian identity, and Native American sovereignty, Johnson traces historical relations between African-American and Native Americans, particularly in Oklahoma, "Indian Country." He examines some legal, political, economic, social and moral issues surrounding the present controversy over the tribal citizenship of the Freedmen. Wrestling with the issues surrounding Freedmen identity and rights will illuminate and advance the American dialogue on race and culture.
Black Wall Street
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Author : Hannibal B Johnson
language : en
Publisher: Eakin Press
Release Date : 2021-06
Black Wall Street written by Hannibal B Johnson and has been published by Eakin Press this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2021-06 with categories.
Early in the twentieth century, the black community in Tulsa- the "Greenwood District"- became a nationally renowned entrepreneurial center. Frequently referred to as "The Black Wall Street of America," the Greenwood District attracted pioneers from all over America who sought new opportunities and fresh challenges. Legal segregation forced blacks to do business among themselves. The Greenwood district prospered as dollars circulated within the black community. But fear and jealousy swelled in the greater Tulsa community. The alleged assault of a white woman by a black man triggered unprecedented civil unrest. The worst riot in American history, the Tulsa Race Riot of 1921 destroyed people, property, hopes, and dreams. Hundreds of people died or were injured. Property damage ran into the millions. The Greenwood District burned to the ground. Ever courageous, the Greenwood District pioneers rebuilt and better than ever. By 1942, some 242 businesses called the Greenwood district home. Having experienced decline in the '60s, '70s, and early '80s, the area is now poised for yet another renaissance. Black Wall Street speaks to the triumph of the human spirit.
Tulsa S Historic Greenwood District
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Author : Hannibal B. Johnson
language : en
Publisher: Arcadia Publishing
Release Date : 2014
Tulsa S Historic Greenwood District written by Hannibal B. Johnson and has been published by Arcadia Publishing this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2014 with History categories.
In the early 1900s, an indomitable entrepreneurial spirit brought national renown to Tulsa's historic African American community, the Greenwood District. This Negro Wall Street bustled with commercial activity. In 1921, jealously, land lust, and racism swelled in sectors of white Tulsa, and white rioters seized upon what some derogated as Little Africa, leaving death and destruction in their wake. In an astounding resurrection, the community rose from the ashes of what was dubbed the Tulsa Race Riot with renewed vitality and splendor, peaking in the 1940s. In the succeeding decades, changed social and economic conditions sparked a prodigious downward spiral. Today's Greenwood District bears little resemblance to the black business mecca of yore. Instead, it has become part of something larger: an anchor to a rejuvenated arts, entertainment, educational, and cultural hub abutting downtown Tulsa. The Tulsa experience is, in many ways, emblematic of others throughout the country. Through context-setting text and scores of captioned photographs, Images of America: Tulsa's Historic Greenwood District provides a basic foundation for those interested in the history of Tulsa, its African American community, and race relations in the modern era. Particularly for students, the book can be an entry point into what is a fascinating piece of American history and a gateway to discoveries about race, interpersonal relations, and shared humanity.
Black Wall Street
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Author : LaQuitta Barnes
language : en
Publisher: Our History Told
Release Date : 2021-04-20
Black Wall Street written by LaQuitta Barnes and has been published by Our History Told this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2021-04-20 with categories.
It is the year 1921 and, at the corner of Greenwood and Archer, lies Black Wall Street. Over 300 businesses can be found here, and they are all supported heavily by the residents of this thriving community. It is a time of racial segregation in America and one significant encounter causes a spark to become a flame. Black Wall Street: The Spirit of Community uncovers the beauty of the Black-owned businesses and residential hub located in Tulsa, Oklahoma. This book tells how a community rebounded from a tragic event, and restored the legacy of entrepreneurship, success and the importance of community. These events went on to affect the whole country, and impacted the growth of many other communities.
Black Wall Street
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Author : Hannibal B. Johnson
language : en
Publisher: Marion Koogler McNay Art Museum
Release Date : 1998
Black Wall Street written by Hannibal B. Johnson and has been published by Marion Koogler McNay Art Museum this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 1998 with History categories.
From riot to renaissance in Tulsa's historic Greenwood district
A Lynched Black Wall Street
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Author : Jerrolyn S. Eulinberg
language : en
Publisher: Wipf and Stock Publishers
Release Date : 2021-05-13
A Lynched Black Wall Street written by Jerrolyn S. Eulinberg and has been published by Wipf and Stock Publishers this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2021-05-13 with Religion categories.
This book remembers one hundred years since Black Wall Street and it reflects on the 1921 Tulsa Race Massacre. Black Wall Street was the most successful Black business district in the United States; yet, it was isolated from the blooming white oil town of Tulsa, Oklahoma, because of racism. During the early twentieth century African-Americans lived in the constant threat of extreme violence by white supremacy, lynching, and Jim and Jane Crow laws. The text explores, through a Womanist lens, the moral dilemma of Black ontology and the existential crisis of living in America as equal human beings to white Americans. This prosperous Black business district and residential community was lynched by white terror, hate, jealousy, and hegemonic power, using unjust laws and a legally sanctioned white mob. Terrorism operated historically based on the lies of Black inferiority with the support of law and white supremacy. Today this same precedence continues to terrorize the life experiences of African-Americans. The research examines Native Americans and African-Americans, the Black migration west, the role of religion, Black women's contributions, lynching, and the continued resilience of Black Americans.
Unspeakable
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Author : Carole Boston Weatherford
language : en
Publisher: Carolrhoda Books ®
Release Date : 2021-02-02
Unspeakable written by Carole Boston Weatherford and has been published by Carolrhoda Books ® this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2021-02-02 with Juvenile Nonfiction categories.
Winner of the Coretta Scott King Book Awards for Author and Illustrator A Caldecott Honor Book A Sibert Honor Book Longlisted for the National Book Award A Kirkus Prize Finalist A Boston Globe-Horn Book Honor Book "A must-have"—Booklist (starred review) Celebrated author Carole Boston Weatherford and illustrator Floyd Cooper provide a powerful look at the Tulsa Race Massacre, one of the worst incidents of racial violence in our nation's history. The book traces the history of African Americans in Tulsa's Greenwood district and chronicles the devastation that occurred in 1921 when a white mob attacked the Black community. News of what happened was largely suppressed, and no official investigation occurred for seventy-five years. This picture book sensitively introduces young readers to this tragedy and concludes with a call for a better future. Download the free educator guide here: https://lernerbooks.com/download/unspeakableteachingguide
The 1921 Tulsa Race Massacre
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Author : Karlos K. Hill
language : en
Publisher: University of Oklahoma Press
Release Date : 2021-03-18
The 1921 Tulsa Race Massacre written by Karlos K. Hill and has been published by University of Oklahoma Press this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2021-03-18 with History categories.
On the evening of May 31, 1921, and in the early morning hours of June 1, several thousand white citizens and authorities violently attacked the African American Greenwood District of Tulsa, Oklahoma. In the course of some twelve hours of mob violence, white Tulsans reduced one of the nation’s most prosperous black communities to rubble and killed an estimated 300 people, mostly African Americans. This richly illustrated volume, featuring more than 175 photographs, along with oral testimonies, shines a new spotlight on the race massacre from the vantage point of its victims and survivors. Historian and Black Studies professor Karlos K. Hill presents a range of photographs taken before, during, and after the massacre, mostly by white photographers. Some of the images are published here for the first time. Comparing these photographs to those taken elsewhere in the United States of lynchings, the author makes a powerful case for terming the 1921 outbreak not a riot but a massacre. White civilians, in many cases assisted or condoned by local and state law enforcement, perpetuated a systematic and coordinated attack on Black Tulsans and their property. Despite all the violence and devastation, black Tulsans rebuilt the Greenwood District brick by brick. By the mid-twentieth century, Greenwood had reached a new zenith, with nearly 250 Black-owned and Black-operated businesses. Today the citizens of Greenwood, with support from the broader community, continue to work diligently to revive the neighborhood once known as “Black Wall Street.” As a result, Hill asserts, the most important legacy of the Tulsa Race Massacre is the grit and resilience of the Black survivors of racist violence. The 1921 Tulsa Race Massacre: A Photographic History offers a perspective largely missing from other accounts. At once captivating and disturbing, it will embolden readers to confront the uncomfortable legacy of racial violence in U.S. history.