Blinding As A Solution To Bias
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Blinding As A Solution To Bias
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Author : Christopher T Robertson
language : en
Publisher: Academic Press
Release Date : 2016-01-30
Blinding As A Solution To Bias written by Christopher T Robertson and has been published by Academic Press this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2016-01-30 with Law categories.
What information should jurors have during court proceedings to render a just decision? Should politicians know who is donating money to their campaigns? Will scientists draw biased conclusions about drug efficacy when they know more about the patient or study population? The potential for bias in decision-making by physicians, lawyers, politicians, and scientists has been recognized for hundreds of years and drawn attention from media and scholars seeking to understand the role that conflicts of interests and other psychological processes play. However, commonly proposed solutions to biased decision-making, such as transparency (disclosing conflicts) or exclusion (avoiding conflicts) do not directly solve the underlying problem of bias and may have unintended consequences. Robertson and Kesselheim bring together a renowned group of interdisciplinary scholars to consider another way to reduce the risk of biased decision-making: blinding. What are the advantages and limitations of blinding? How can we quantify the biases in unblinded research? Can we develop new ways to blind decision-makers? What are the ethical problems with withholding information from decision-makers in the course of blinding? How can blinding be adapted to legal and scientific procedures and in institutions not previously open to this approach? Fundamentally, these sorts of questions—about who needs to know what—open new doors of inquiry for the design of scientific research studies, regulatory institutions, and courts. The volume surveys the theory, practice, and future of blinding, drawing upon leading authors with a diverse range of methodologies and areas of expertise, including forensic sciences, medicine, law, philosophy, economics, psychology, sociology, and statistics. - Introduces readers to the primary policy issue this book seeks to address: biased decision-making. - Provides a focus on blinding as a solution to bias, which has applicability in many domains. - Traces the development of blinding as a solution to bias, and explores the different ways blinding has been employed. - Includes case studies to explore particular uses of blinding for statisticians, radiologists, and fingerprint examiners, and whether the jurors and judges who rely upon them will value and understand blinding.
Good Research Practice In Non Clinical Pharmacology And Biomedicine
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Author : Anton Bespalov
language : en
Publisher: Springer Nature
Release Date : 2020-02-20
Good Research Practice In Non Clinical Pharmacology And Biomedicine written by Anton Bespalov and has been published by Springer Nature this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2020-02-20 with Medical categories.
This open access book, published under a CC BY 4.0 license in the Pubmed indexed book series Handbook of Experimental Pharmacology, provides up-to-date information on best practice to improve experimental design and quality of research in non-clinical pharmacology and biomedicine.
The Psychology And Science Of Pseudoscience
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Author : Terence Hines
language : en
Publisher: Rowman & Littlefield
Release Date : 2025-03-12
The Psychology And Science Of Pseudoscience written by Terence Hines and has been published by Rowman & Littlefield this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2025-03-12 with Psychology categories.
This book provides a comprehensive review of numerous areas of pseudoscience and related pathological science. It not only describes the factual bases for rejecting pseudoscientific claims, but also emphasizes the psychological processes that lead to the acceptance of such claims. This book is timely, given the increase in misinformation over the past decade. Using three principles of cognitive psychology, this book helps explain why people are hard-wired to accept and continue to believe in pseudoscientific claims. It provides up-to-date discussions of numerous paranormal and pseudoscientific topics, including the usual suspects—UFOs and alien abductions, astrology, cryptozoology, and more—but also belief in conspiracy theories, laboratory parapsychology, bogus forensic science techniques, the pseudopsychologies of Freud, medical fraud, and the unethical practices of Big Pharma. Older research that was foundational in the critical examination of several topics is woven throughout to situate them in a historical context.
Expert Failure
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Author : Roger Koppl
language : en
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Release Date : 2018-02-08
Expert Failure written by Roger Koppl and has been published by Cambridge University Press this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2018-02-08 with Business & Economics categories.
Roger Koppl develops a theory of experts and expert failure, and illustrates his theory with wide-ranging examples, including that of state regulation of economic activity.
Essentials Of Research Methodology For All Physiotherapy And Allied Health Sciences Students
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Author : Thangamani A Ramalingam
language : en
Publisher: Jaypee Brothers Medical Publishers
Release Date : 2018-11-16
Essentials Of Research Methodology For All Physiotherapy And Allied Health Sciences Students written by Thangamani A Ramalingam and has been published by Jaypee Brothers Medical Publishers this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2018-11-16 with Medical categories.
Part 1: Fundamentals of Research 1. Introduction to Research 2. Research in Physiotherapy 3. Research Process 4. Research Problem and Literature Review 5. Research Design 6. Sampling Design and Sampling Distributions 7. Measurement, Scaling, Data Collection and Processing 8. Ethics in Research 9. Research Reporting 10. Experimental and Non-experimental Research Designs 11. Analysis of Variance Study (ANOVA) Designs 12. Pilot Study in Research 13. Psychometric Properties of Tools 14. Qualitative Research 15. Survey Research Part 2: Statistics in Research 16. Descriptive and Inferential Statistics in Research 17. Hypothesis Testing 18. Non-parametric and Parametric Tests 19. Correlation, Regression and Multivariate Analysis 20. Interpretation of Statistics Part 3: Understanding and Publishing Research 21. Evidence-based Physiotherapy 22. Research Proposal 23. Understanding a Research Article 24. Methodology in Research Article 25. Critical Appraisal Tools 26. Critical Appraisal of Clinical Trials 27. Systematic Review and Meta-analysis 28. Journal Club Question Bank Further Reading Glossary Appendix Index
Bias And Causation
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Author : Herbert I. Weisberg
language : en
Publisher: John Wiley & Sons
Release Date : 2011-01-06
Bias And Causation written by Herbert I. Weisberg and has been published by John Wiley & Sons this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2011-01-06 with Mathematics categories.
A one-of-a-kind resource on identifying and dealing with bias in statistical research on causal effects Do cell phones cause cancer? Can a new curriculum increase student achievement? Determining what the real causes of such problems are, and how powerful their effects may be, are central issues in research across various fields of study. Some researchers are highly skeptical of drawing causal conclusions except in tightly controlled randomized experiments, while others discount the threats posed by different sources of bias, even in less rigorous observational studies. Bias and Causation presents a complete treatment of the subject, organizing and clarifying the diverse types of biases into a conceptual framework. The book treats various sources of bias in comparative studies—both randomized and observational—and offers guidance on how they should be addressed by researchers. Utilizing a relatively simple mathematical approach, the author develops a theory of bias that outlines the essential nature of the problem and identifies the various sources of bias that are encountered in modern research. The book begins with an introduction to the study of causal inference and the related concepts and terminology. Next, an overview is provided of the methodological issues at the core of the difficulties posed by bias. Subsequent chapters explain the concepts of selection bias, confounding, intermediate causal factors, and information bias along with the distortion of a causal effect that can result when the exposure and/or the outcome is measured with error. The book concludes with a new classification of twenty general sources of bias and practical advice on how mathematical modeling and expert judgment can be combined to achieve the most credible causal conclusions. Throughout the book, examples from the fields of medicine, public policy, and education are incorporated into the presentation of various topics. In addition, six detailed case studies illustrate concrete examples of the significance of biases in everyday research. Requiring only a basic understanding of statistics and probability theory, Bias and Causation is an excellent supplement for courses on research methods and applied statistics at the upper-undergraduate and graduate level. It is also a valuable reference for practicing researchers and methodologists in various fields of study who work with statistical data. This book was selected as the 2011 Ziegel Prize Winner in Technometrics for the best book reviewed by the journal. It is also the winner of the 2010 PROSE Award for Mathematics from The American Publishers Awards for Professional and Scholarly Excellence
Clinical Trials
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Author : Duolao Wang
language : en
Publisher: Remedica
Release Date : 2006
Clinical Trials written by Duolao Wang and has been published by Remedica this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2006 with Medical categories.
This book explains statistics specifically for a medically literate audience. Readers gain not only an understanding of the basics of medical statistics, but also a critical insight into how to review and evaluate clinical trial evidence.
Rosen S Emergency Medicine Concepts And Clinical Practice 2 Volume Set Expert Consult Premium Edition Enhanced Online Features And Print 7
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Author : James Adams
language : en
Publisher: Elsevier Health Sciences
Release Date : 2010-01-01
Rosen S Emergency Medicine Concepts And Clinical Practice 2 Volume Set Expert Consult Premium Edition Enhanced Online Features And Print 7 written by James Adams and has been published by Elsevier Health Sciences this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2010-01-01 with Health & Fitness categories.
This reference places the latest information at users' fingertips, and a more streamlined format makes it easy to find the exact information quickly and conveniently. Includes access to a companion Web site for additional resources.
Behavioral Clinical Trials For Chronic Diseases
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Author : Lynda H. Powell
language : en
Publisher: Springer Nature
Release Date : 2021-10-13
Behavioral Clinical Trials For Chronic Diseases written by Lynda H. Powell and has been published by Springer Nature this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2021-10-13 with Psychology categories.
This is the first comprehensive guide to the design of behavioral randomized clinical trials (RCT) for chronic diseases. It includes the scientific foundations for behavioral trial methods, problems that have been encountered in past behavioral trials, advances in design that have evolved, and promising trends and opportunities for the future. The value of this book lies in its potential to foster an ability to “speak the language of medicine” through the conduct of high-quality behavioral clinical trials that match the rigor commonly seen in double-blind drug trials. It is relevant for testing any treatment aimed at improving a behavioral, social, psychosocial, environmental, or policy-level risk factor for a chronic disease including, for example, obesity, sedentary behavior, adherence to treatment, psychosocial stress, food deserts, and fragmented care. Outcomes of interest are those that are of clinical significance in the treatment of chronic diseases, including standard risk factors such as cholesterol, blood pressure, and glucose, and clinical outcomes such as hospitalizations, functional limitations, excess morbidity, quality of life, and mortality. This link between behavior and chronic disease requires innovative clinical trial methods not only from the behavioral sciences but also from medicine, epidemiology, and biostatistics. This integration does not exist in any current book, or in any training program, in either the behavioral sciences or medicine.
Evidence Based Surgery
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Author : Achilles Thoma
language : en
Publisher: Springer Nature
Release Date : 2025-06-27
Evidence Based Surgery written by Achilles Thoma and has been published by Springer Nature this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2025-06-27 with Medical categories.
Now in a revised second edition, this book is a comprehensive guide to teach surgeons, surgical fellows and surgical residents, regardless of their specialty, the skills to appraise what they encounter in the surgical literature. Surgeons need to be able to understand what they read before applying the conclusions of a surgical article to their practice. As most surgeons do not have the extra training in health research methodology, understanding how the research was done, how to interpret the results, and finally deciding to apply them to the patient level can be a difficult task. Chapters included here explain the methodological issues pertaining to the various study designs reported in the surgical literature. Readers are taught how to search the literature for the best evidence that will answer the surgical problem under discussion. An identified article that seems relevant to the problem under investigation can be appraised by addressing three key questions: 1) Is the study I am reading valid? 2) what are the results of this study? and 3) can I apply these results to my patients? Chapters new to this edition discuss cluster RCTs, network meta-analyses, enhanced recovery after surgery (ERAS) and core outcome sets (COS). While the primary goal of Evidence-Based Surgery is to teach surgeons how to appraise the surgical literature, an added benefit is that the concepts explained here may help research-minded surgeons produce higher quality research.