Cerebral Endothelial And Glial Cells Are More Than Bricks In The Great Wall Of The Brain Insights Into The Way The Blood Brain Barrier Actually Works Celebrating The Centenary Of Goldman S Experiments
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Cerebral Endothelial And Glial Cells Are More Than Bricks In The Great Wall Of The Brain Insights Into The Way The Blood Brain Barrier Actually Works Celebrating The Centenary Of Goldman S Experiments
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Author : Elena García-Martín
language : en
Publisher: Frontiers Media SA
Release Date : 2015-07-02
Cerebral Endothelial And Glial Cells Are More Than Bricks In The Great Wall Of The Brain Insights Into The Way The Blood Brain Barrier Actually Works Celebrating The Centenary Of Goldman S Experiments written by Elena García-Martín and has been published by Frontiers Media SA this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2015-07-02 with Neurosciences. Biological psychiatry. Neuropsychiatry categories.
When Ehrlich discovered the first evidence of the blood-brain barrier in 1885, he probably did not perceive the Great Wall that remained hidden from consciousness inside the central nervous system. Ehrlich had observed that acidic vital dyes did not stain the brain if they were injected into the blood stream. A century ago (1913), Goldman showed that the injection of trypan blue in the cerebrospinal fluid stained only the brain, but not the other organs. For almost a century it was thought that the blood-brain barrier (BBB) consisted in a physical barrier, resulting from the restricted permeability of the cerebral endothelial cell layer, as they are joined by tight junctions. However, as scientists are always looking for news in what is already discovered, in the end of the 20th century we had evidences that cerebral endothelial and glial cells express several drug metabolizing enzymes consisting in a second protection system: a metabolic barrier. Furthermore, the drugs and their metabolites must overcome the activity of several multidrug resistance proteins that function as ATP-dependent efflux pumps, consisting in the third line of defence: the active barrier. Therefore, the way the BBB actually works should be better explained. Several endogenous compounds, as well as xenobiotics, may be activated by enzymes of the metabolic barrier, generating reactive oxygen species that could damage neurons. Therefore, endothelial and glial cells possess endogenous protecting compounds and enzymes against oxidants, consisting in an antioxidant barrier. When all these systems fail, glial cells, mainly microglia, secrete cytokines in an attempt to crosstalk with defence cells asking for help, which consists in an immune barrier. In cerebral regions that are devoid of the physical barrier, such as circumventricular organs, the metabolic, active, antioxidant and immune barriers are reinforced. It is important to understand how cells involved in the BBB interact with one another and the dynamic mechanisms of their functions. This Research Topic published in this e-Book considers recent highlights in BBB structure, cell and molecular biology, biotransformation, physiology, pathology, pharmacology, immunology and how these basic knowledges can be applied in drug discovery and clinical researches, rewriting what is already written, and paving the way that goes to the Great Wall in the Frontiers of the Brain in this new century that is just beginning.
Cerebral Endothelial And Glial Cells Are More Than Bricks In The Great Wall Of The Brain Insights Into The Way The Blood Brain Barrier Actually Works Celebrating The Centenary Of Goldman S Experiments
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Author :
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2015
Cerebral Endothelial And Glial Cells Are More Than Bricks In The Great Wall Of The Brain Insights Into The Way The Blood Brain Barrier Actually Works Celebrating The Centenary Of Goldman S Experiments written by and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2015 with categories.
The Blood Brain Barrier And Inflammation
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Author : Ruth Lyck
language : en
Publisher: Springer
Release Date : 2017-03-29
The Blood Brain Barrier And Inflammation written by Ruth Lyck and has been published by Springer this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2017-03-29 with Medical categories.
This PIR volume presents a comprehensive collection of reviews that focus on the role of the blood-brain barrier (BBB) during steady-state and inflamed conditions. Within the central nervous system (CNS) the constantly changing bloodstream is strictly separated from the CNS parenchyma by the BBB. However, viruses, bacteria, parasites and auto-aggressive immune cells can penetrate the barrier and significantly contribute to CNS inflammation. The BBB can actively contribute to neuroinflammation by presentation of chemokines, expression of cell adhesion molecules and alterations of barrier properties. As such, understanding the role of the BBB under healthy and pathological conditions is essential to the development of new drugs to efficiently combat inflammatory diseases of the CNS.
The Cerebral Microvasculature
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Author : Howard M. Eisenberg
language : en
Publisher: Springer Science & Business Media
Release Date : 2012-12-06
The Cerebral Microvasculature written by Howard M. Eisenberg and has been published by Springer Science & Business Media this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2012-12-06 with Science categories.
As traced by Uichael Bradbury in his recently published monograph, The Concept of a BZood-Brain Barrier, the idea of a scientific challenge is just about as old as the twentieth century. Curiously, it remains undefined. Is it a structure or structures as some use the term, or is it a reciprocal per meability, a force-flow relationship, as do others, or is it a group of processes, some more specialized than others? Depend ing upon the observer, the method, and what is observed, it seems to be each of these or all. This Symposium takes as its focus of interest the micro vasculature of the brain and includes considerations of blood flow, the properties of vessel walls and the control of flow and permeability. In addition perturbations that change the characteristics of the flow of materials are given attention. By changing the usual focus of interest, the organizers, Drs. Suddith and Eisenberg, have given a fresh outlook to the subject and now, by publication of the Proceedings, have arranged for wide availability of these interesting papers. Keasley Welch v PREFACE A symposium on the cerebral microvasculature and its function in the blood-brain barrier was held at The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, in the summer of 1979. Investigators from the United States and Europe met to discuss their recent work.
The Blood Brain Barrier In Health And Disease Volume One
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Author : Katerina Dorovini-Zis
language : en
Publisher: CRC Press
Release Date : 2015-06-23
The Blood Brain Barrier In Health And Disease Volume One written by Katerina Dorovini-Zis and has been published by CRC Press this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2015-06-23 with Medical categories.
Located at the interface between blood and the brain, the blood-brain barrier is a dynamic permeability barrier formed by a continuous layer of specialized endothelial cells endowed with important permeability, transport, and regulatory functions that both protect the internal milieu of the brain and allow essential nutrients to be transported into
The Blood Brain Barrier
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Author : Tomas R. Helio
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2008
The Blood Brain Barrier written by Tomas R. Helio and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2008 with Blood-brain barrier categories.
The blood-brain barrier (BBB) is a membranic structure that acts primarily to protect the brain from chemicals in the blood, while still allowing essential metabolic function. It is composed of endothelial cells, which are packed very tightly in brain capillaries. This higher density restricts passage of substances from the bloodstream much more than endothelial cells in capillaries elsewhere in the body. Astrocyte cell projections called astrocytic feet (also known as "glia limitans") surround the endothelial cells of the BBB, providing biochemical support to those cells. The BBB is distinct from the similar blood-cerebrospinal fluid barrier, a function of the choroidal cells of the choroid plexus, and from the Blood-retinal barrier, which can be considered a part of the whole (the retina of the eye is an extension to the central nervous system and as such, can be considered part of the BBB).
Introduction To The Blood Brain Barrier
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Author : William M. Pardridge
language : en
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Release Date : 1998-08-28
Introduction To The Blood Brain Barrier written by William M. Pardridge and has been published by Cambridge University Press this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 1998-08-28 with Medical categories.
The blood-brain barrier serves to protect the brain from toxic substances whilst simultaneously allowing access to essential nutrients and chemical signals. At the interface between brain and body, knowledge of the blood-brain barrier forms an essential component in the complete understanding of a large proportion of medical disciplines. Nevertheless, it seems that ignorance of both the biology of this important membrane and the methodology suitable for its investigation still remains an impediment to progress in many fields, including, for example, the development of new and efficacious neuropharmaceuticals, cerebrovascular disease, Alzheimer's disease, cerebral AIDS and brain tumours. This introduction for both researchers and clinicians across the medical sciences is intended to aid both those beginning work directly in this area and those wishing simply to be better informed when interpreting information where the blood-brain barrier may be involved. Advances in both methodology and biology are detailed in 50 chapters from international authorities.
Glial Man
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Author : Yves Agid
language : en
Publisher: Oxford University Press
Release Date : 2020-11-26
Glial Man written by Yves Agid and has been published by Oxford University Press this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2020-11-26 with Science categories.
Glial cells play an essential role in initiating and controlling our behaviours, playing a major role in communication between brain cells. They share certain properties with neurons, including the ability to use information from the environment to formulate behaviors. Understanding these cells is key to explaining human movement, emotion, and thoughts. Moreover, glial cells provide a panoply of new therapeutic targets for the treatment of neuropsychiatric disorders. This book is the 'brain' child of two scientist physicians: Pierre Magistretti, a leading expert in cerebral metabolism and glial cell biology, and Yves Agid, an expert in the treatment of nervous system diseases and a researcher in the field of neurodegenerative diseases. This book provides many examples of the decisive role glial cells play in the functioning of the human brain, as well as in neurological and psychiatric pathologies. The result is a revolution in our understanding of the brain and a beacon of hope in the treatment of neuropsychiatric disorders.
The Blood Brain Barrier In Health And Disease
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Author : William G. Mayhan
language : en
Publisher: Biota Publishing
Release Date : 2016-12-15
The Blood Brain Barrier In Health And Disease written by William G. Mayhan and has been published by Biota Publishing this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2016-12-15 with Medical categories.
The blood-brain barrier (BBB) is a complex and dynamic structure that protects the brain from cells within the vasculature, from the immune system and from pathogens. This barrier is present in arterioles, capillaries and venules and is formed at the level of adjacent endothelial cells, which are coupled to astrocytes, microglia, neurons and pericytes. The structure of this endothelial barrier is unique among endothelia of other organ systems and is composed of complexes made up of tight, gap and adherens junctions. In addition, it is the responsibility of the surrounding cellular elements to maintain the integrity of the junctional complexes and restrict the entry of substances from the blood into the brain. Changes in permeability of the BBB during physiologic and pathophysiologic conditions involve alterations in specific transporters at the level of the endothelium, activation of specific cellular second messenger pathways and/or the dissolution of the junctional complexes composing the BBB. This book focuses on various aspects that account for the formation and maintenance of the BBB, and on disease states that compromise this barrier.
The Cerebral Circulation
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Author : Marilyn J. Cipolla
language : en
Publisher: Biota Publishing
Release Date : 2016-07-28
The Cerebral Circulation written by Marilyn J. Cipolla and has been published by Biota Publishing this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2016-07-28 with Medical categories.
This e-book will review special features of the cerebral circulation and how they contribute to the physiology of the brain. It describes structural and functional properties of the cerebral circulation that are unique to the brain, an organ with high metabolic demands and the need for tight water and ion homeostasis. Autoregulation is pronounced in the brain, with myogenic, metabolic and neurogenic mechanisms contributing to maintain relatively constant blood flow during both increases and decreases in pressure. In addition, unlike peripheral organs where the majority of vascular resistance resides in small arteries and arterioles, large extracranial and intracranial arteries contribute significantly to vascular resistance in the brain. The prominent role of large arteries in cerebrovascular resistance helps maintain blood flow and protect downstream vessels during changes in perfusion pressure. The cerebral endothelium is also unique in that its barrier properties are in some way more like epithelium than endothelium in the periphery. The cerebral endothelium, known as the blood-brain barrier, has specialized tight junctions that do not allow ions to pass freely and has very low hydraulic conductivity and transcellular transport. This special configuration modifies Starling's forces in the brain microcirculation such that ions retained in the vascular lumen oppose water movement due to hydrostatic pressure. Tight water regulation is necessary in the brain because it has limited capacity for expansion within the skull. Increased intracranial pressure due to vasogenic edema can cause severe neurologic complications and death.