Challenging The Mandate Of Heaven

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Challenging The Mandate Of Heaven

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Author : Elizabeth J. Perry
language : en
Publisher: M.E. Sharpe
Release Date : 2002

Challenging The Mandate Of Heaven written by Elizabeth J. Perry and has been published by M.E. Sharpe this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2002 with Family & Relationships categories.

Social science theories of contentious politics have been based almost exclusively on evidence drawn from the European and American experience, and classic texts in the field make no mention of either the Chinese Communist revolution or the Cultural Revolution -- surely two of the most momentous social movements of the twentieth century. Moreover, China's record of popular upheaval stretches back well beyond this century, indeed all the way back to the third century B.C. This book, by bringing together studies of protest that span the imperial, Republican, and Communist eras, introduces Chinese patterns and provides a forum to consider ways in which contentious politics in China might serve to reinforce, refine or reshape theories derived from Western cases.

The Mandate Of Heaven And The Great Ming Code

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Author : Jiang Yonglin
language : en
Publisher: University of Washington Press
Release Date : 2011-07-01

The Mandate Of Heaven And The Great Ming Code written by Jiang Yonglin and has been published by University of Washington Press this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2011-07-01 with History categories.

After overthrowing the Mongol Yuan dynasty, Zhu Yuanzhang, the founder of the Ming dynasty (1368-1644), proclaimed that he had obtained the Mandate of Heaven (Tianming), enabling establishment of a spiritual orientation and social agenda for China. Zhu, emperor during the Ming’s Hongwu reign period, launched a series of social programs to rebuild the empire and define Chinese cultural identity. To promote its reform programs, the Ming imperial court issued a series of legal documents, culminating in The Great Ming Code (Da Ming lu), which supported China’s legal system until the Ming was overthrown and also served as the basis of the legal code of the following dynasty, the Qing (1644-1911). This companion volume to Jiang Yonglin’s translation of The Great Ming Code (2005) analyzes the thought underlying the imperial legal code. Was the concept of the Mandate of Heaven merely a tool manipulated by the ruling elite to justify state power, or was it essential to their belief system and to the intellectual foundation of legal culture? What role did law play in the imperial effort to carry out the social reform programs? Jiang addresses these questions by examining the transformative role of the Code in educating the people about the Mandate of Heaven. The Code served as a cosmic instrument and moral textbook to ensure “all under Heaven” were aligned with the cosmic order. By promoting, regulating, and prohibiting categories of ritual behavior, the intent of the Code was to provide spiritual guidance to Chinese subjects, as well as to acquire political legitimacy. The Code also obligated officials to obey the supreme authority of the emperor, to observe filial behavior toward parents, to care for the welfare of the masses, and to maintain harmonious relationships with deities. This set of regulations made officials the representatives of the Son of Heaven in mediating between the spiritual and mundane worlds and in governing the human realm. This study challenges the conventional assumption that law in premodern China was used merely as an arm of the state to maintain social control and as a secular tool to exercise naked power. Based on a holistic approach, Jiang argues that the Ming ruling elite envisioned the cosmos as an integrated unit; they saw law, religion, and political power as intertwined, remarkably different from the “modern” compartmentalized worldview. In serving as a cosmic instrument to manifest the Mandate of Heaven, The Great Ming Code represented a powerful religious effort to educate the masses and transform society.

The Mandate Of Heaven

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Author : Nigel Harris
language : en
Publisher: Haymarket Books
Release Date : 2015-09-07

The Mandate Of Heaven written by Nigel Harris and has been published by Haymarket Books this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2015-09-07 with Political Science categories.

For radicals in Europe and North America, the anti-imperialist and Chinese revolutions continued the great task of 1789, 1848, and 1870, the bourgeois revolution” in Marx’s terms, and the creation of nations that would release the energies and unity of purpose to create new worlds of prosperity and freedom. The nationalist focus led to an emphasis on autarkic development the nation, it was said, already possessed within its own boundaries all the requirements and resources to match the accomplishments of global civilization. The overthrow of empire in the 1950s and 1960s of which the coming to power of the Chinese Communist party in 1949 was a important part seemed to augur a new era in world history, one in which the majority of the world’s population secured liberation. There was perhaps a sense in which this was true, but the reality for the majority was far removed from this giddy hope. And in the case of the ordinary Chinese, the newly liberated” regime proved far more brutal and exacting than those that it had replaced (which also attained high standards of brutality and injustice). In China the great famine of 1958 62 was only the most spectacularly cruel and gratuitous product of that new order. For the former inhabitants of the old empires, national liberation turned out to be not liberation of all, but the creation of a new national ruling class, as often as not exploiting its position at home to make fortunes then smuggled abroad.

The Great Ming Code

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Author :
language : en
Publisher: University of Washington Press
Release Date : 2005

The Great Ming Code written by and has been published by University of Washington Press this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2005 with History categories.

Imperial China's dynastic legal codes provide a wealth of information for historians, social scientists, and scholars of comparative law and of literary, cultural, and legal history. One of the most important law codes in Chinese history, the Ming Code regulated all the perceived major aspects of social affairs, aiming at the harmony of political, economic, military, familial, ritual, international, and legal relations in the empire and cosmic relations in the universe. Providing us with rich materials on Ming history, it is a fundamental source for understanding Chinese society and culture.

The Mandate Of Heaven

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Author : S. J. Marshall
language : en
Publisher: Columbia University Press
Release Date : 2002-08

The Mandate Of Heaven written by S. J. Marshall and has been published by Columbia University Press this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2002-08 with History categories.

The I Ching is one of the cornerstone texts of Chinese civilization and remains a tremendously popular book throughout the world. Scholars have increasingly dismissed the traditions surrounding the text, while many readers in both China and the West have been more willing to accept this divinatory work at face value. S. J. Marshall sets out to reconcile these opposing approaches.

Empires Of Ancient Eurasia

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Author : Craig Benjamin
language : en
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Release Date : 2018-05-03

Empires Of Ancient Eurasia written by Craig Benjamin and has been published by Cambridge University Press this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2018-05-03 with Business & Economics categories.

Introduces a crucial period of world history when the vast exchange network of the Silk Roads connected most of Eurasia.

Wealth And Power

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Author : Orville Schell
language : en
Publisher: Hachette UK
Release Date : 2013-07-16

Wealth And Power written by Orville Schell and has been published by Hachette UK this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2013-07-16 with History categories.

By now everyone knows the basic facts of China's rise to pre-eminence over the past three decades. But how did this erstwhile sleeping giant finally manage to arrive at its current phase of dynamic growth? How did a century-long succession of failures to change somehow culminate in the extraordinary dynamism of China today? By examining the lives of eleven influential officials, writers, activists and leaders whose contributions helped create modern China, Wealth and Power addresses these questions. This fascinating survey moves from the lead-up to the first Opium War through to contemporary opposition to single-party rule. Along the way, we meet titans of Chinese history, intellectuals and political figures. By unwrapping the intellectual antecedents of today's resurgent China, Orville Schell and John Delury supply much-needed insight into the country's tortured progression from nineteenth-century decline to twenty-first-century boom. By looking backward into the past to understand forces at work for hundreds of years, they help us understand China today and the future that this singular country is helping shape for all of us.

Will China Dominate The 21st Century

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Author : Jonathan Fenby
language : en
Publisher: John Wiley & Sons
Release Date : 2017-03-27

Will China Dominate The 21st Century written by Jonathan Fenby and has been published by John Wiley & Sons this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2017-03-27 with Political Science categories.

China's spectacular growth and expanding global role have led to visions of the 21st century being dominated by the last major state on earth ruled by a Communist Party. In this new edition of his widely acclaimed book, renowned China expert Jonathan Fenby shows why such assumptions are wrong. He presents an analysis of China under Xi Jinping which explores the highly significant political, economic, social and international challenges it faces, each involving structural difficulties that will put the system under strain. Based on the author's extensive knowledge of contemporary China and his close analysis of Xi's leadership, this incisive book offers a pragmatic view of where the country is heading at a time when its future is too important an issue for wishful theorizing.

The Kaifeng Stone Inscriptions

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Author : Tiberiu Weisz
language : en
Publisher: iUniverse
Release Date : 2006

The Kaifeng Stone Inscriptions written by Tiberiu Weisz and has been published by iUniverse this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2006 with History categories.

Points East, A Publication of the Sino-Judaic Institute, Vol. 23 No. 2, July 2008 The Covenant and the Mandate of Heaven: An In-depth Comparative Cultural Study of Judaism and China. By Tiberiu Weisz (iUniverse, 2007) Reviewed by Vera Schwarcz, Director/Chair, Freeman Center for East Asian Studies, Wesleyan University, CT. This is, simply put, a bold visionary book. It invites readers to contemplate distant and disparate events and thinkers in a way that weaves a common tapestry. The author is generous minded, erudite and provides readers with all the information needed for this cross-cultural journey. The challenge of this adventure remains daunting nonetheless. Kang Youwei's words to Guangxu emperor in 1898 (quoted by Weisz on p 177) apply to reading this book as well: It is indeed like climbing a tree to seek fish - tough, but not foolish. In the end, the reward in understanding both Chin and Judaism is immense. Tiberiu Weisz is not a newcomer to cross cultural dialogues. With origins stretching back to Transylvania (like myself), he is familiar with the mixtures of languages and religions from back home. A long time scholar of the Kaifeng stones inscriptions and of the Jewish communities of ancient China, he was well prepared for a more wide ranging inquiry into the similarities between Chinese and Jews. To his great credit, Tiberiu Weisz took a full decade to assemble and re-translate key original documents from each of these different traditions in order to show a compelling complementarity between them. In the preface to The Covenant and The Mandate, he confesses trepidation at the scope of his inquiry. This is understandable since Weisz' book ranges from the ancient Liji and Tanach to the Cultural Revolution and the Holocaust. Even if one does not fully agree with author's conclusion that Judaism is the yang to China's yin -there is much in this important work to challenge, and to enrich, a wide variety of readers. The focus throughout this carefully constructed book is upon similarities that never quite devolve into a forced identity between Chinese and Jewish cultural values. Starting with ideas of holiness embodied in Elohim and Shangdi, Weisz invites readers to follow the travels of Lao Zi beyond the pass. Whether the Chinese and Jewish commitment to the one force underlying all natural phenomena or shared understanding of benevolent kingship can be traced to news of Solomon's rule spreading through Central Asia is not, in my view, the central question. Rather what is most startling in this book is a symmetry of historical experiences that does indeed lead Chinese and Jews to become experts in cultural survival. Weisz' study goes beyond our current understanding of Chinese and Jewish traditions as the two oldest, uninterrupted cultures in the world. Many previous works (including my own Bridges Across Broken Times: Chinese and Jewish Cultural Memory) have circled this theme. What is fresh, and important in The Covenant and The Mandate, is the detailed, textual proof of exactly how Chinese and Jews confronted historical catastrophe and survived with renewed vigor. Three key moments, Weisz argues, defined and shaped Jewish and Chinese worldviews. For Jews, the exile to Babylon in 586-516 BCE, the expulsion from Spain in 1492 and the 20th century Holocaust provided fiery moments for self-definition and renewal. For Chinese, it was the imperial unification in 221 BCE, the Mongol conquest (1279-1368) and the more recent Cultural Revolution that challenged Confucianism and led to a new nationalist consciousness. Each of these events (as well as many others) is discussed at length and documented in terms of the thought-legacy that it provided for two civilizations growing more and more skilful in adaptation and survival. Weisz' analytical paradigm is most effective when he creatively juxtaposes important thinkers who are rarely considered side by side. For me, reading about the Han Dynasty poet-statesmen Han Yu alongsi

Active Defense

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Author : M. Taylor Fravel
language : en
Publisher: Princeton University Press
Release Date : 2019-04-23

Active Defense written by M. Taylor Fravel and has been published by Princeton University Press this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2019-04-23 with Political Science categories.

What changes in China’s modern military policy reveal about military organizations and strategy Since the 1949 Communist Revolution, China has devised nine different military strategies, which the People’s Liberation Army (PLA) calls “strategic guidelines.” What accounts for these numerous changes? Active Defense offers the first systematic look at China’s military strategy from the mid-twentieth century to today. Exploring the range and intensity of threats that China has faced, M. Taylor Fravel illuminates the nation’s past and present military goals and how China sought to achieve them, and offers a rich set of cases for deepening the study of change in military organizations. Drawing from diverse Chinese-language sources, including memoirs of leading generals, military histories, and document collections that have become available only in the last two decades, Fravel shows why transformations in military strategy were pursued at certain times and not others. He focuses on the military strategies adopted in 1956, 1980, and 1993—when the PLA was attempting to wage war in a new kind of way—to show that China has pursued major change in its strategic guidelines when there has been a significant shift in the conduct of warfare in the international system and when China’s Communist Party has been united. Delving into the security threats China has faced over the last seven decades, Active Defense offers a detailed investigation into how and why states alter their defense policies.