Chapter 4 Cutting Sand Clay And Rock
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Chapter 4 Cutting Sand Clay And Rock
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Author : G L M Van Der Schrieck
language : en
Publisher: Independently Published
Release Date : 2020-10-12
Chapter 4 Cutting Sand Clay And Rock written by G L M Van Der Schrieck and has been published by Independently Published this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2020-10-12 with categories.
This book contains chapters 4.1, 4.3 and 4.4 from my main book "Dredging Technology Book 1"and is titled: "Chapter 4: Cutting Sand, Clay and Rock ". It is written by an expert in Dredging Technology Engineering who was a member of the user panel of the Dredging Research Project 1966-2015 at Delft Hydraulics and Delft University.This book gives an overview of the published results of this research and the experience of the author. First part chapter 4.1: One of the most striking phenomena learned during the research on cutting sand is the generation of large underpressures in the cut sand layer caused by the phenomenon "Dilatancy". Related to this there even appeared to be "Cavitation" at the inside of the cut layer ! Cavitation is the sudden change of pore water into water vapour, looking like "Boiling" . Because of the sudden absence of water in the centre region of the cut layer the outside waterpressure must be counterbalanced with an equal al-sided grainstress that makes the cut sand body very strong and compacted. This can be very well described as "Vacuum packed coffee" ! It becomes a mayor adverse effect at the greater waterdepths of 10-30 m where the surrounding waterpressure is 20-40 mwc (2-4 bar) ! Since it takes some time for water to flow through the sand layer into the cavitated area, the result is that thestill cavitating cut layer stays strong also for some time, while acting as a stiff vacuum packed sand body, long enough to cause problems in the mixture formation process behind the cutting edge: The very strong cut layer runs against the inside of the cutting device (Cutterhead or Draghead) and thus hinders a smooth production process! Part 4.1 explains all these phenomena and how to deal with them.The next part chapter 4.3 of this book handles about the cutting of Clay. Research results from large scale cutting tests at Delft University are described and translated into design rules and formulas. The cutting process in Clay strongly depends on the strength of the clay, the cutting velocity and the cutting depth. It appeared that the ratio v/h between the cutting velocity v and cutting depth h governs the distortion rate of the Clay and as such the shape of the Cutting Process: The higher the distortion rate the more plastic behaviour of the cutting process and the higher the cutting forces. At very low cutting velocity the Clay even tends to fail showing a more cracking behaviour and low cutting forces. Very strong clay can act as Rock with a cracking failure mode. Part 4.3 explains all the phenomena.The last part chapter 4.4 of this book describes the understanding and modelling of the cutting process of Rock. Although there was hardly any rock to be dredged in the Netherlands in the 1970-1980's the Dutch Dredging Contractors gained large contracts in Saudi Arabia for the removal of Caprock at the top of sand layers that had to be dredged for harbour development. Spectacular large prototype scale tests in limestone Rock using prototype teeth running up to 5 m/s into blocks of limestone rock generated a lot of insight in the processes involved. Several Rock failure modes appear to exist depending not only on the ratio between the compressive strength and tensile strength of the rock but also on the confining pressure inside the rock. The higher this pressure the less crack formation and the higher the specific energy consumption. The extremely fast crack formation into the rock produces a kind of "cavitation" effect inside the cracks. This causes a mayor increase of the cutting force and thus the specific energy consumption at larger waterdepths and is still a problem in Deep Ocean mining ! Part 4.4 explains it all !
The Delft Sand Clay And Rock Cutting Model
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Author : S.A. Miedema
language : en
Publisher: IOS Press
Release Date : 2014-10-29
The Delft Sand Clay And Rock Cutting Model written by S.A. Miedema and has been published by IOS Press this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2014-10-29 with Technology & Engineering categories.
Sand, clay and rock have to be excavated for a variety of purposes, such as dredging, trenching, mining (including deep sea mining), drilling, tunnel boring and many other applications. Many excavations take place on dry land, but they are also frequently required in completely saturated conditions, and the methods necessary to accomplish them consequently vary widely. This book provides an overview of cutting theories. It begins with a generic model, valid for all types of soil (sand, clay and rock), and continues with the specifics of dry sand, water-saturated sand, clay, atmospheric rock and hyperbaric rock. Small blade angles and large blade angles are discussed for each soil type, and for each case considered the equations/model for cutting forces, power and specific energy are given. With models verified by laboratory research, principally from the Delft University of Technology, and data from other recognized sources, this book will prove an invaluable reference for anybody whose work involves major excavations of any kind.
Geotechnical Ground Investigation
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Author : Myint Win Bo
language : en
Publisher: World Scientific
Release Date : 2022-03-18
Geotechnical Ground Investigation written by Myint Win Bo and has been published by World Scientific this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2022-03-18 with Technology & Engineering categories.
Geotechnical investigation, which is usually implemented to obtain baseline information of ground and groundwater, is the focus of this book. Authored by practitioner and academic who is extensively involved in geotechnical ground investigations over four continents, this book covers both large scale preliminary ground investigation and intrusive detailed investigation, as well as specialized in-situ testing to obtain advanced geotechnical parameters of soils. Both surface and borehole geophysical methods used in geotechnical investigation, including methods of sampling and tools to obtain good quality soil samples are also discussed and presented in the book.Written for advanced undergraduate and graduate students, researchers and practitioners in the fields of geotechnical engineering, geoenvironmental engineering, and ground investigation, the book also provides guidelines on presenting factual geotechnical data and preparing factual reports.Related Link(s)
Water Resources Investigations Report
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Author :
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 1989
Water Resources Investigations Report written by and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 1989 with Hydrology categories.
Great Lakes Pilot
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Author :
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 1964
Great Lakes Pilot written by and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 1964 with Pilot guides categories.
Report For The Panama Canal Zone On The Location Design And Estimated Cost Of The Madden Dam And Power Plant
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Author : R. F. Walter
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 1930
Report For The Panama Canal Zone On The Location Design And Estimated Cost Of The Madden Dam And Power Plant written by R. F. Walter and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 1930 with Channels (Hydraulic engineering) categories.
Journal
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Author : Pennsylvania. General Assembly. Senate
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 1826
Journal written by Pennsylvania. General Assembly. Senate and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 1826 with Pennsylvania categories.
Includes extra sessions.
Shield Construction Techniques In Tunneling
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Author : Kui Chen
language : en
Publisher: Woodhead Publishing
Release Date : 2021-02-05
Shield Construction Techniques In Tunneling written by Kui Chen and has been published by Woodhead Publishing this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2021-02-05 with Architecture categories.
Shield Construction Techniques in Tunnelling presents the latest on this fast, environmentally-friendly and relatively safe construction technique, reflecting on its technical risks and challenges as seen in China. Sections introduce the type of shields, the history of the technique, shielding principles, selection, management, the latest techniques in operation, consider engineering cases, discuss construction in gravel, soft-soil, composite, and rock strata, and present video clips of construction that are accessible through QR codes embedded in the text. The book combines theory and practical experience, giving the reader unique insights into shield equipment and construction techniques. The shield tunneling technique is being used very widely, particularly in China, which is building urban-rail transit systems at an unparalleled scale and speed. The use of tunneling-shields provides a fast, relatively-safe, and ecologically-friendly method for the construction of tunnels. However, a number of incidents have shown the risks involved in tunnelling through geologically complex areas. Gives the principles and practice of shield construction techniques, including shield selection and operation Demonstrates the latest technologies in shield construction that can be applied in practice Reflects on the technical risks and challenges of shield construction, based on extensive use of the technique for tunnel construction in China Discusses challenges in construction in gravel, soft-soil, composite and rock strata Provides engineers with applicable insights into shield equipment and construction techniques
Description Of A Direct Route For The Erie Canal At Its Eastern Termination With Estimates Of Its Expense Etc
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Author : John RANDEL (Civil Engineer of Albany, U.S.)
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 1836
Description Of A Direct Route For The Erie Canal At Its Eastern Termination With Estimates Of Its Expense Etc written by John RANDEL (Civil Engineer of Albany, U.S.) and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 1836 with categories.
Great Lakes Pilot
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Author : U.S. Lake Survey
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 1969
Great Lakes Pilot written by U.S. Lake Survey and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 1969 with categories.