Chemical And Enzymatic Localization Of Phospholipids In Biological Membranes
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Chemical And Enzymatic Localization Of Phospholipids In Biological Membranes
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Author : Ben Roelofsen
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 1982
Chemical And Enzymatic Localization Of Phospholipids In Biological Membranes written by Ben Roelofsen and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 1982 with categories.
Techniques In Lipid And Membrane Biochemistry Part 1 2
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Author : Ben Roelofsen
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 1982
Techniques In Lipid And Membrane Biochemistry Part 1 2 written by Ben Roelofsen and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 1982 with categories.
Molecular Biology Of The Cell
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Author : Bruce Alberts
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2002
Molecular Biology Of The Cell written by Bruce Alberts and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2002 with Cytology categories.
Chemical And Enzymatic Methods To Regulate Phospholipid Membrane Formation And Manipulate Cellular Mrna
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Author : Eric Cunyu Zhou
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2020
Chemical And Enzymatic Methods To Regulate Phospholipid Membrane Formation And Manipulate Cellular Mrna written by Eric Cunyu Zhou and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2020 with categories.
This dissertation first explores the use of photo-activated thiol-yne click chemistry methodology to gain access to phospho- and glycolipid analogs. Phospholipids and glycolipids constitute an essential part of biological membranes, and are of tremendous fundamental and practical interest. Unfortunately, the preparation of functional phospholipids, or synthetic analogs, is often synthetically challenging. We utilized thiol-yne click chemistry methodology to assemble the alkynyl hydrophilic head groups with numerous thiol modified lipid tails to yield the appropriate dithioether phospho- or glycolipids. The resulting structures closely resemble the structure and function of native diacylglycerolipids. Dithioether phosphatidylcholines (PCs) are suitable for forming giant unilamellar vesicles (GUV), which can be used as vessels for cell-free expression systems. The unnatural thioether linkages render the lipids resistant to phospholipase A2 hydrolysis. We utilized the improved stability of these lipids to control the shrinkage of GUVs composed of a mixture of 1,2-dioleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (DOPC) and dioleyl-dithioether PC, and concentrating encapsulated nanoparticles. We imagine that these readily accessible lipids could find a number of applications as natural lipid substitutes. In the second investigation, this dissertation reports the development of a wash-free cellular mRNA imaging technology utilizing RNA-TAG (transglycosylation at guanine) methodology. The many roles of RNA in cellular regulation and function increasingly demand for tools to explore RNA tracking and localization within cells. Our recently reported RNA-TAG approach uses an RNA-modifying enzyme, tRNA-guanine transglycosylase, to accomplish covalent labeling of an RNA of interest with fluorescent tracking agents in a highly selective and efficient manner. Unfortunately, labeling by this method suffers from a high nonspecific fluorescent background and is unsuitable for imaging RNA within complex cellular environments. We designed and synthesized novel fluorogenic thiazole orange probes that significantly lower nonspecific binding and background fluorescence and, as a result, provide up to a 100-fold fluorescence intensity increase after labeling. Using these fluorogenic labeling agents, we were able to image mRNA expressed in Chinese Hamster Ovary cells in a wash-free manner. RNA-TAG methodology was also applied to the modification of therapeutically relevant modified mRNA (mod-mRNA). Mod-mRNA has recently been widely studied as the form of RNA useful for therapeutic applications due to its high stability and lowered immune response. As a proof of concept, we covalently attached a fluorescent probe to mCherry encoding mod-mRNA transcripts bearing 5-methylcytidine and/or pseudouridine substitutions with high labeling efficiencies. To provide a versatile labeling methodology with a wide range of possible applications, we employed a two-step strategy for functionalization of the mod-mRNA to highlight the therapeutic potential of this new methodology. We envision that this novel and facile labeling methodology of mod-RNA will have great potential in decorating both coding and noncoding therapeutic RNAs with a variety of diagnostic and functional moieties.
Chemical Tools For The Study Of Lipids And Biology
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Author : Andrew Rudd
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2019
Chemical Tools For The Study Of Lipids And Biology written by Andrew Rudd and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2019 with categories.
This dissertation will first explore methods to selectively direct proteins to phospholipid membranes. The natural mechanisms that tether proteins to membranes are typically complex, requiring multiple steps and accessory components. It would be advantageous to develop simplified methods to direct proteins of interest to phospholipid membranes in a single step. We have developed a modular method for membrane localization of proteins by using chemically modified phospholipid anchors capable of covalent attachment to O6-methylguanine DNA methyltransferase (SNAP-tag) fusion proteins. We demonstrate that photocaged lipid precursors enable light-triggered spatial and temporal control over protein localization. The anchoring system is compatible with cell-free expression, allowing for genetic targeting of proteins to lipid membranes of giant unilamellar vesicles. This technique can be used to control membrane curvature effects, similar to what has been previously observed with certain membrane-bound proteins. This work addresses a current need in synthetic biology for simplified and robust methods to control membrane localization of expressed proteins and shows promise as a general tool for protein targeting to lipid vesicles and cellular membranes. In the second investigation, this dissertation will discuss a new method for the nonenzymatic remodeling of lipid membranes. Cell membranes have a vast repertoire of phospholipid species whose structures can be dynamically modified by enzymatic remodeling of acyl chains and polar head groups. Lipid remodeling plays important roles in membrane biology and dysregulation can lead to disease. Although there have been tremendous advances in creating artificial membranes to model the properties of native membranes, a major obstacle has been developing straightforward methods to mimic lipid membrane remodeling. Stable liposomes are typically kinetically trapped and are not prone to exchanging diacylphospholipids. An approach relies on transthioesterification/acyl shift reactions that occur spontaneously and reversibly between tertiary amides and thioesters. We demonstrate exchange and remodeling of both lipid acyl chains and head groups. Using our synthetic model system we demonstrate the ability of spontaneous phospholipid remodeling to trigger changes in vesicle spatial organization, composition, and morphology as well as recruit proteins that can affect vesicle curvature. Membranes capable of chemically exchanging lipid fragments could be used to help further understand the specific roles of lipid structure remodeling in biological membranes. In the third section of this dissertation, a novel approach for the in situ synthesis of natural lipids in living cells will be presented. Mammalian cells synthesize thousands of distinct lipids, yet the function of many of these lipid species is unknown. Ceramides, a class of sphingolipid, are implicated in several cell-signaling pathways but poor cell permeability and lack of selectivity in endogenous synthesis pathways have hampered direct study of their effects. Here we report a strategy that overcomes the inherent biological limitations of ceramide delivery by chemoselectively ligating lipid precursors in vivo to yield natural ceramides in a traceless manner. Using this method, we uncovered the apoptotic effects of several ceramide species and observed differences in their apoptotic activity based on acyl-chain saturation. Additionally, we demonstrate spatiotemporally controlled ceramide synthesis in live cells through photoinitiated lipid ligation. Our in situ lipid ligation approach addresses the long-standing problem of lipid-specific delivery and enables the direct study of unique ceramide species in live cells. Finally, this dissertation will discuss the development of small molecules for the depalmitoylation of proteins in vivo. Post-translational S-palmitoylation plays a central role in protein localization, trafficking, stability, aggregation, and cell signaling. Dysregulation of palmitoylation pathways in cells can alter protein function and is the cause of several diseases. Considering the biological and clinical importance of S-palmitoylation, tools for direct, in vivo modulation of this lipid modification would be extremely valuable. Here, we describe a method for the cleavage of native S-palmitoyl groups from proteins in living cells. Using a cell permeable, cysteine-functionalized amphiphile, we demonstrate the direct depalmitoylation of cellular proteins. We show that amphiphile-mediated depalmitoylation (AMD) can effectively cleave S-palmitoyl groups from the native GTPase HRas and successfully depalmitoylate mislocalized proteins in an infantile neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis (INCL) disease model. AMD enables direct and facile depalmitoylation of proteins in live cells and has potential therapeutic applications for diseases such as INCL, where native protein thioesterase activity is deficient.
Biochemistry Of Lipids Lipoproteins And Membranes
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Author : Neale Ridgway
language : en
Publisher: Elsevier
Release Date : 2015-07-24
Biochemistry Of Lipids Lipoproteins And Membranes written by Neale Ridgway and has been published by Elsevier this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2015-07-24 with Science categories.
Biochemistry of Lipids: Lipoproteins and Membranes, Volume Six, contains concise chapters that cover a wide spectrum of topics in the field of lipid biochemistry and cell biology. It provides an important bridge between broad-based biochemistry textbooks and more technical research publications, offering cohesive, foundational information. It is a valuable tool for advanced graduate students and researchers who are interested in exploring lipid biology in more detail, and includes overviews of lipid biology in both prokaryotes and eukaryotes, while also providing fundamental background on the subsequent descriptions of fatty acid synthesis, desaturation and elongation, and the pathways that lead the synthesis of complex phospholipids, sphingolipids, and their structural variants. Also covered are sections on how bioactive lipids are involved in cell signaling with an emphasis on disease implications and pathological consequences. Serves as a general reference book for scientists studying lipids, lipoproteins and membranes and as an advanced and up-to-date textbook for teachers and students who are familiar with the basic concepts of lipid biochemistry References from current literature will be included in each chapter to facilitate more in-depth study Key concepts are supported by figures and models to improve reader understanding Chapters provide historical perspective and current analysis of each topic
Lipids And Lipid Polymers In Higher Plants
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Author : M. Tevini
language : en
Publisher: Springer Science & Business Media
Release Date : 2012-12-06
Lipids And Lipid Polymers In Higher Plants written by M. Tevini and has been published by Springer Science & Business Media this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2012-12-06 with Science categories.
This book contains a number of papers dealing with the main topics of a Symposium on "Lipids and Lipid Polymers in Higher Plants", held in July 1976 at the Botanical Institute of the University of Karlsruhe. The symposium was organized by Professors E. Heinz, H.K. Lichtenthaler, H.K. Mangold, and M. Tevini. The sponsorship by the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft and the Erwin-Riesch-Stiftung is gratefully acknowledged. The intention of the Symposium was to bring together in one place scientists working in very different fields of plant lipids, such as fatty acids, glycolipids, phospholipids, prenyllipids, sterols, and lipid polymers. The emphasis was placed on biosynthesis, distribution, function, and physiology of the various higher plant lipids and their role in biomembranes and epidermal cell walls. By combining the major contributions in this book, we hope to give all plant scientists access to the recent developments in biochemistry and physiology of plant lipid metabolism. The editors are very grateful to the contributors, who have taken great care to present up-to-date reviews. Karlsruhe, May 1977 M. TEVINI H.K. LICHTENTHALER Contents Section 1. Function, Organization and Lipid Composition of Biomembranes Chapter 1. Functional Organization of Biomembranes P. SITTE (With 15 Figures) A. Introduction. . . . . 1 B. Membrane Functions . 2 I. Membrane Diversity 2 II. Membranes as Barriers 4 III. Lipids and Permeability . 5 IV. Specific Transport . . . 8 V. Membrane Flow and Membrane Families 9 VI. General Principles of Cellular Compartmentation 10 C. Membrane Biogenesis. . . . . . . . . . . . .
Nanocosmetics
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Author : Jean Cornier
language : en
Publisher: Springer
Release Date : 2019-06-14
Nanocosmetics written by Jean Cornier and has been published by Springer this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2019-06-14 with Science categories.
This book addresses the application of nanotechnology to cosmetics. Edited by three respected experts in the field, the book begins with a general overview of the science behind cosmetics and skin care today, and of the status quo of nanotechnology in cosmetics. Subsequent chapters provide detailed information on the different nanoparticles currently used in cosmetics; the production and characterization of nanoparticles and nanocosmetics; and regulatory, safety and commercialization aspects. Given its scope, the book offers an indispensable guide for scientists in academia and industry, technicians and students, as well as a useful resource for decision-makers in the field and consumer organizations. Chapter 6 of this book is available open access under a CC BY 4.0 licence at link.springer.com.
The Membranes Of Cells
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Author : Philip Yeagle
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 1993
The Membranes Of Cells written by Philip Yeagle and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 1993 with Medical categories.
In this new edition of The Membranes of Cells, all of the chapters have been updated, some have been completely rewritten, and a new chapter on receptors has been added. The book has been designed to provide both the student and researcher with a synthesis of information from a number of scientific disciplines to create a comprehensive view of the structure and function of the membranes of cells. The topics are treated in sufficient depth to provide an entry point to the more detailed literature needed by the researcher. Key Features * Introduces biologists to membrane structure and physical chemistry * Introduces biophysicists to biological membrane function * Provides a comprehensive view of cell membranes to students, either as a necessary background for other specialized disciplines or as an entry into the field of biological membrane research * Clarifies ambiguities in the field
Biogenesis Of Fatty Acids Lipids And Membranes
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Author : Otto Geiger
language : en
Publisher: Springer
Release Date : 2019-01-29
Biogenesis Of Fatty Acids Lipids And Membranes written by Otto Geiger and has been published by Springer this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2019-01-29 with Science categories.
Concise chapters, written by experts in the field, cover a wide spectrum of topics on lipid and membrane formation in microbes (Archaea, Bacteria, eukaryotic microbes).All cells are delimited by a lipid membrane, which provides a crucial boundary in any known form of life. Readers will discover significant chapters on microbial lipid-carrying biomolecules and lipid/membrane-associated structures and processes.