China S Power Sector Decarbonization
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China S Power Sector Decarbonization
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Author : Anne-Perrine Martine Avrin (Louise)
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2018
China S Power Sector Decarbonization written by Anne-Perrine Martine Avrin (Louise) and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2018 with categories.
China has become the “world’s factory” and lifted up several millions of people out of poverty through decades of economic reforms. However, this socio-economic development, fueled by coal, has heavily impacted the energy landscape and the environment. Today, China is both the global largest polluter and largest developer of clean energy systems. The unprecedented extent of the country’s power sector challenges and opportunities requires to refine current capacity planning models to better inform policy making. Focusing on climate urgency, this study contributes to filling this need by proposing new modeling frameworks. These models offer a fine-grain analysis of China’s power sector decarbonization potential, by grounding long-term electricity mix expansion planning into inter-sectoral development. Using large datasets of technical, economic and social factors, levers of the clean power transition are analyzed by quantifying and comparing their decarbonization potential, technical feasibility, and cost efficiency over time and across regions and resources. The first lever lies in the coordinated expansion of a low-carbon electricity grid, resilient to renewable energy intermittency and disparities in space and time between energy resources and demand. The high-resolution model SWITCH-China is used to explore optimal capacity expansion pathways for China’s electricity mix under various low-carbon policies. Results show that, while natural gas can become a bridge between the current coal-dominated grid and a future clean electricity mix, a deep decarbonization scenario mostly relies on the concomitant deployment of nuclear—inland, encouraged by advanced nuclear technology development—, wind, solar, energy storage, coal with carbon capture and storage, and an expanded transmission network. Meeting this long-term decarbonization goal increases electricity costs significantly compared to an unconstrained scenario. A modular approach, adaptable to traditional cost-minimizing tools used by planning agencies, is proposed to reduce uncertainty of future technological costs as well as costs resulting from electricity generation intermittency. The model finds that there exist alternatives to the least-cost strategy, which present slightly higher overall electricity costs, but much lower risks. In particular, given the predominance of fossil fuel in the current electricity mix, the deployment of low-carbon systems decreases the overall risk on future costs through diversification, even by accounting for increased operational complexity resulting from renewable energy intermittency. The second lever is the integration of linkages between power and water supply into the optimization framework, as China currently faces both severe water shortages and severe water pollution. Results show that, while total costs of the South to North Water Transfer Project are 2.5 times lower than nuclear desalination, the latter emits six times less CO2. In addition, fresh water from nuclear desalination is shown to be affordable even to the poorest households. Challenges posed by the construction and operation of interregional water diversion suggest that it should only be used in dry inland areas, while low-carbon desalination could be developed at larger scale near coastal economic centers. The DESEC model is developed to explore controllable desalination, powered by nuclear, wind, or solar energy, as a mean to alleviate water scarcity in coastal regions while enabling the wide deployment of a low-curtailment clean power base. Desalination, used as a deferrable load, can transform two low-value products, seawater and excess power from non-dispatchable energies, in a high-value product, fresh water. The DESEC model finds that the North China Grid region’s entire water deficit—61.4 billion m3—can be met entirely by deferrable desalination with a total cost of about $1.5/m3, less than the global average water price. Analyses conclude that there exist local alternatives to current national-scale power and water diversion projects, more adapted to regional characteristics, less prone to risks and disruptions. The third lever is the electrification of urban passenger cars, as the sector is poised for massive expansion in the next decade. Findings show that the near-term deployment of electric vehicles cannot be enabled by technology cost decrease alone. If the current impact from favorable policy is maintained but not amplified, CO2 emissions from urban passenger cars will peak around 2040, or ten years past the official 2030 carbon peak target. In fact, although it demonstrates higher costs in the near term, large-scale vehicle electrification is the least-cost, least-CO2-emission pathway for China’s urban transportation expansion in the long run. Generally, model results reveal that massive investment is needed in R&D and infrastructure capacity deployment, and that utilities and institutions must be reformed to manage resources rationally, hand-in-hand. Many of the studied decarbonization options have not reached a mature stage or have not been deployed at utility-scale today, and future work is required to better account for modeling and data uncertainty. Yet, models developed, used and presented in this study all reveal the existence of viable, cost-efficient options to enable meaningful decarbonization while alleviating water scarcity and air pollution. These strategies can only be achieved by combining central-scale coordination with local-scale implementation, to take advantage of China’s diverse and rich territory while minimizing risks. This dissertation provides new approaches for identifying realistic, affordable capacity expansion pathways, rigorously designed by mathematical optimization and large datasets, to reduce CO2 emissions related to the power sector in line with climate targets. The impact that China will have on climate change and its ability to ensure its long-term sustainability will depend on actual decisions and actions undertaken by governmental and private entities. The success of the clean energy transition is contingent on the country’s ability to encourage technological, economic and institutional innovation.
Decarbonizing China S Power Sector
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Author : Gang He
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2015
Decarbonizing China S Power Sector written by Gang He and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2015 with categories.
China's power sector accounts for 25% of the world coal consumption-fully about 13% of total global carbon emissions from fossil fuel. Decarbonizing China's power sector will shape how the country and to a large extent the world uses energy and addresses pollution and climate change. Combining methods of GIS modeling and wind and solar capacity factor simulation, this study utilized 200 representative locations each independently for wind and solar, with 10 years of hourly wind speed and solar irradiation data to investigate provincial capacity and output potentials from 2001 to 2010, and to build wind and solar availability profiles. This study then examined the implications of the solar and wind variability and availability in the context of an overall energy strategy for China by using a system optimization model: SWITCH-China to analyze the feasibility, costs and benefits of China's clean power transition under three key policy scenarios: Reference Scenario, Low Cost Renewable Scenario, and Carbon Cap Scenario. By optimizing capacity expansion and hourly generation dispatch simultaneously, SWITCH-China is uniquely suited to explore both the value of and synergies among various power system technology options, providing policymakers and industry leaders with important information about the optimal development of the electricity grid. China's power sector is in the midst of fast development, and today's investment decisions will have a large impact on the country's ability to achieve its environmental and carbon mitigation goals. Concerted actions are needed to enable such a transition, including introducing a meaningful carbon price, coordinating the investment decisions, and building the necessary infrastructure for moving energy around.
Foundations For A Low Carbon Energy System In China
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Author : Henry Lee
language : en
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Release Date : 2021-12-09
Foundations For A Low Carbon Energy System In China written by Henry Lee and has been published by Cambridge University Press this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2021-12-09 with Business & Economics categories.
Overview of how decisions by China on climate, energy, and environmental policy will influence the country's capacity to decarbonize.
Water Use In China S Power Sector
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Author :
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2016
Water Use In China S Power Sector written by and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2016 with Electric power-plants categories.
This brief by China Water Risk and IRENA examines the expected impact of China's power sector on water and climate in 2030. Building on plans announced at the COP21 climate change conference in Paris, and earlier analyses by China Water Risk and IRENA, it assesses the impact of different options for China's power mix in 2030 on water use and carbon emissions. As the findings show, decarbonising the power sector through renewables would also yield benefits in areas related to water. By 2030, the combination of renewables and improved plant cooling technologies can reduce water-intensity in Chinese power generation by as much as 42%, while reducing emissions-intensity by up to 37%. To realise these benefits, the share of renewables must increase in line with national climate mitigation objectives and the REmap options outlined by IRENA.
China S Electricity Sector
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Author : Leo Lester
language : en
Publisher: Springer
Release Date : 2018-03-19
China S Electricity Sector written by Leo Lester and has been published by Springer this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2018-03-19 with Business & Economics categories.
This book provides a concise introduction to China’s electricity sector, suitable for university students and business analysts. It is business focused, combining an introduction from an established regional electricity consultancy with five academic chapters covering governance, market stakeholders and reform, wind and solar power, environmental regulation, and developments in financing. It is written in an accessible but rigorous style for people with limited knowledge of the topic, with minimal jargon but full referencing throughout the academic chapters. Each academic chapter starts with a summary and three key points to guide the reader’s understanding.
China S Energy Revolution In The Context Of The Global Energy Transition
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Author : Shell International B.V.
language : en
Publisher: Springer Nature
Release Date : 2020-05-29
China S Energy Revolution In The Context Of The Global Energy Transition written by Shell International B.V. and has been published by Springer Nature this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2020-05-29 with Science categories.
This open access book is an encyclopaedic analysis of the current and future energy system of the world’s most populous country and second biggest economy. What happens in China impacts the planet. In the past 40 years China has achieved one of the most remarkable economic growth rates in history. Its GDP has risen by a factor of 65, enabling 850,000 people to rise out of poverty. Growth on this scale comes with consequences. China is the world’s biggest consumer of primary energy and the world’s biggest emitter of CO2 emissions. Creating a prosperous and harmonious society that delivers economic growth and a high quality of life for all will require radical change in the energy sector, and a rewiring of the economy more widely. In China’s Energy Revolution in the Context of the Global Energy Transition, a team of researchers from the Development Research Center of the State Council of China and Shell International examine how China can revolutionise its supply and use of energy. They examine the entire energy system: coal, oil, gas, nuclear, renewables and new energies in production, conversion, distribution and consumption. They compare China with case studies and lessons learned in other countries. They ask which technology, policy and market mechanisms are required to support the change and they explore how international cooperation can smooth the way to an energy revolution in China and across the world. And, they create and compare scenarios on possible pathways to a future energy system that is low-carbon, affordable, secure and reliable.
What Can China Do China S Best Alternative Outcome For Energy Efficiency And Co2 Emissions
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Author :
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2010
What Can China Do China S Best Alternative Outcome For Energy Efficiency And Co2 Emissions written by and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2010 with categories.
After rapid growth in economic development and energy demand over the last three decades, China has undertaken energy efficiency improvement efforts to reduce its energy intensity under the 11th Five Year Plan (FYP). Since becoming the world's largest annual CO2 emitter in 2007, China has set reduction targets for energy and carbon intensities and committed to meeting 15% of its total 2020 energy demand with non-fossil fuel. Despite having achieved important savings in 11th FYP efficiency programs, rising per capita income and the continued economic importance of trade will drive demand for transport activity and fuel use. At the same time, an increasingly 'electrified' economy will drive rapid power demand growth. Greater analysis is therefore needed to understand the underlying drivers, possible trajectories and mitigation potential in the growing industrial, transport and power sectors. This study uses scenario analysis to understand the likely trajectory of China's energy and carbon emissions to 2030 in light of the current and planned portfolio of programs, policies and technology development and ongoing urbanization and demographic trends. It evaluates the potential impacts of alternative transportation and power sector development using two key scenarios, Continued Improvement Scenario (CIS) and Accelerated Improvement Scenario (AIS). CIS represents the most likely path of growth based on continuation of current policies and meeting announced targets and goals, including meeting planned appliance efficiency standard revisions, fuel economy standards, and industrial targets and moderate phase-out of subcritical coal-fired generation with additional non-fossil generation. AIS represents a more aggressive trajectory of accelerated improvement in energy intensity and decarbonized power and transport sectors. A range of sensitivity analysis and power technology scenarios are tested to evaluate the impact of additional actions such as carbon capture and sequestration (CCS) and integrated mine-mouth generation. The CIS and AIS results are also contextualized and compared to model scenarios in other published studies. The results of this study show that China's energy and CO2 emissions will not likely peak before 2030, although growth is expected to slow after 2020. Moreover, China will be able to meet its 2020 carbon intensity reduction target of 40 to 45% under both CIS and AIS, but only meet its 15% non-fossil fuel target by 2020 under AIS. Under both scenarios, efficiency remains a key resource and has the same, if not greater, mitigation potential as new technologies in transport and power sectors. In the transport sector, electrification will be closely linked the degree of decarbonization in the power sector and EV deployment has little or no impact on China's crude oil import demand. Rather, power generation improvements have the largest sector potential for overall emission mitigation while mine-mouth power generation and CCS have limited mitigation potential compared to fuel switching and efficiency improvements. Comparisons of this study's results with other published studies reveal that CIS and AIS are within the range of other national energy projections but alternative studies rely much more heavily on CCS for carbon reduction. The McKinsey study, in particular, has more optimistic assumptions for reductions in crude oil imports and coal demand in its abatement scenario and has much higher gasoline reduction potential for the same level of EV deployment. Despite these differences, this study's scenario analysis of both transport and power sectors illustrate the necessity for continued efficiency improvements and aggressive power sector decarbonization in flattening China's CO2 emissions.
China As A Global Clean Energy Champion
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Author : Philip Andrews-Speed
language : en
Publisher: Springer
Release Date : 2019-01-07
China As A Global Clean Energy Champion written by Philip Andrews-Speed and has been published by Springer this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2019-01-07 with Political Science categories.
This book assesses China’s reputation as a global clean energy champion, and applies institutional and public policy theories to explain how the country has achieved so much and why there continue to be so many unintended consequences and constraints to progress. It considers the extent to which the government has successfully boosted the manufacture and deployment of low-carbon electricity generating infrastructure, cleaned up thermal power generation, and enhanced energy efficiency, dramatically constraining China’s rising carbon dioxide emissions, but also examines the substantial political and financial capital required to reinforce the predominantly administrative policy instruments and the mix of special interests and poor coordination that are endemic to the energy sector. Arguing that the current approach seems to be encountering ever diminishing returns, the book considers whether ongoing sector reforms and the new national emissions trading scheme can reinvigorate the nation’s clean energy trajectory.
Interactions Between China S National Emissions Trading Scheme And Electricity Market Practices And Policies
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Author : Tsun Se Cheong
language : en
Publisher: Frontiers Media SA
Release Date : 2023-11-03
Interactions Between China S National Emissions Trading Scheme And Electricity Market Practices And Policies written by Tsun Se Cheong and has been published by Frontiers Media SA this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2023-11-03 with Technology & Engineering categories.
China’s national carbon market, the world’s largest emissions trading scheme (ETS), kicked off its first online trade recently. This can be called a milestone for the country towards the nation’s goals of having CO2 emissions peak before 2030 and achieving carbon neutrality by 2060. China’s national ETS initially covers the power sector, before being expanded to a much broader set of energy-intensive industries. On one hand, the electricity sector, the largest carbon-emitting industry, is responsible for about 40% of China’s emissions, and it has great significance to response to global climate change. On the other hand, the effectiveness of China’s ETS will rest on how well it is coordinated with power market regulations and policies. In this regard, the deepening of reform, as well as the advanced technology and its applications in the electricity market will add new challenges and opportunities to electricity trade, which, in turn, influences national ETS. Therefore, this brings urgency to accurately capture the dynamic interactions between national ETS and electricity market to transform carbon trading into a practical and effective way to decarbonize the power sector.
In Pursuit Of Carbon Neutrality
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Author : Hao Zhang
language : en
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Release Date : 2023-12-21
In Pursuit Of Carbon Neutrality written by Hao Zhang and has been published by Cambridge University Press this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2023-12-21 with Law categories.
China's goal of carbon neutrality by 2060 requires a significant transformation of energy systems and the economy, raising critical questions about the domestic energy legal and regulatory systems. This book critically analyses the development and implementation of energy laws and regulations related to crucial strategies and pathways towards carbon neutrality, namely decarbonising power supply, enabling fuel switching, electrifying end-use in transport and industry, and adopting carbon removal mechanisms. It offers rich legal details and insights into regulatory processes and arrangements that underpin energy market reform and liberalisation, while also examining the role of law and regulatory measures in promoting technological advancements and supply chains for decarbonisation, with a focus on renewable energy, energy efficiency and storage, electric vehicles, critical transition minerals and carbon removal mechanisms.