Choke Hold The Attack On Japanese Oil In World War Ii
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Choke Hold The Attack On Japanese Oil In World War Ii
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Author : Stephen L. Wolborsky
language : en
Publisher: Pickle Partners Publishing
Release Date : 2014-08-15
Choke Hold The Attack On Japanese Oil In World War Ii written by Stephen L. Wolborsky and has been published by Pickle Partners Publishing this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2014-08-15 with History categories.
After WWI, Army airmen like Billy Mitchell, in a bid for service independence, touted land-based air power’s dominance over ships. Later, airmen at the Air Corps Tactical School developed a theory of independent air power application based on strategic bombing. These airmen persuaded Congress to purchase the tools to implement strategic bombing-fleets of heavy bombers-by citing these aircraft as optimum for defending the US coasts against enemy ships. However, when the opportunity to test the efficacy of bombers against ships presented itself in WWII’s Pacific Theater, Army Air Force (AAF) leaders proved reluctant to throw their full support behind such an effort. A key aspect of the US Navy’s Pacific strategy was an intense campaign against Japanese commercial shipping. This blockade, primarily targeting oil after late 1943, was spearheaded by US Navy submarines. A blockade proved the most effective means of attacking Japan’s oil, although AAF leaders preferred strategic bombing of the Japanese home islands, including oil facilities, over blockade support. This preference was particularly true for the B-29. This thesis analyzes the campaign against Japanese oil to explore why an oil blockade was effective against Japan and, more important, to examine how service parochialism distorted the development of a rational military strategy in the Pacific Theater.
Choke Hold
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Author : School of Advanced Airpower Studies
language : en
Publisher: CreateSpace
Release Date : 2014-07-01
Choke Hold written by School of Advanced Airpower Studies and has been published by CreateSpace this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2014-07-01 with History categories.
After WW I, Army airmen like Billy Mitchell, in a bid for service independence, touted land-based air power's dominance over ships. Later, airmen at the Air Corps Tactical School developed a theory of independent air power application based on strategic bombing. These airmen persuaded Congress to purchase the tools to implement strategic bombing--fleets of heavy bombers--by citing these aircraft as optimum for defending the US coasts against enemy ships. However, when the opportunity to test the efficacy of bombers against ships presented itself in WW II's Pacific Theater, Army Air Force (AAF) leaders proved reluctant to throw their full support behind such an effort. A key aspect of the US Navy's Pacific strategy was an intense campaign against Japanese commercial shipping. This blockade, primarily targeting oil after late 1943, was spearheaded by US Navy submarines. A blockade proved the most effective means of attacking Japan's oil, although AAF leaders preferred strategic bombing of the Japanese home islands, including oil facilities, over blockade support. This preference was particularly true for the B-29. This thesis analyzes the campaign against Japanese oil to explore why an oil blockade was effective against Japan and, more important, to examine how service parochialism distorted the development of a rational military strategy in the Pacific Theater. Japan's late-19th century modernization and subsequent expansionism in East Asia and the Western Pacific brought them into conflict with the US. Lacking indigenous resources, Japan depended on oil imports--mostly from the US--to fuel its powerful military, especially its naval and air forces. Ultimately, in response to continued Japanese moves in China and Indochina, the US cut off all oil to Japan in 1941. This placed key factions in the Japanese government in an untenable position, and they decided to seize the oil-rich Netherlands East Indies (NEI), securing this source of oil by attacking the US Fleet at Pearl Harbor, establishing a perimeter of Pacific island bastions, and hoping the US would decide against fighting their way across the Pacific. However, from the war's first day, US submarines took the war to Japanese shipping. While the submarine campaign was unsystematic at first, the Navy overcame its own parochial constraints to make oil tankers the top submarine target in 1943. As US forces constricted Japan's island empire, AAF units began supporting the blockade with armed reconnaissance, aerial mining, and attacks on NEI oil installations. These latter attacks served as a blockade "force multiplier," stretching Japan's already inelastic tanker fleet. Although accounting for 16 percent of Japanese commercial ship sinkings, the AAF only invested about 2 percent of its total effort in the Pacific toward the blockade. In any case, the blockade reduced Japanese oil movements to a trickle by the end of 1944, stopping them completely by April 1945. In May 1945, AAF B-29s began bombing Japanese home island oil refineries, synthetic fuel plants, and storage facilities. While extensively damaging refineries, these attacks had little effect on either Japanese military capability or civilian will--due to the blockade, the bombs fell on mostly idle facilities.
Kamikaze Attacks Of World War Ii
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Author : Robin L. Rielly
language : en
Publisher: McFarland
Release Date : 2010
Kamikaze Attacks Of World War Ii written by Robin L. Rielly and has been published by McFarland this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2010 with History categories.
"This book details more than 400 kamikaze attacks performed by Japanese aircraft, manned torpedoes, suicide boats and suicide swimmers against U.S. ships during World War II. Part One focuses on the traditions, development and history. Part Two details the kamikaze attacks on ships. Appendices list all of the U.S. ships suffering kamikaze attacks"--Provided by publisher.
A History Of The B 17 Flying Fortress In Over 400 Photographs Stories And Analyisis Including The U S Army Air Forces In World War Ii Combat Chronology 1941 1945 American Air Power In Wwii
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Author :
language : en
Publisher: Jeffrey Frank Jones
Release Date : 2015-08-01
A History Of The B 17 Flying Fortress In Over 400 Photographs Stories And Analyisis Including The U S Army Air Forces In World War Ii Combat Chronology 1941 1945 American Air Power In Wwii written by and has been published by Jeffrey Frank Jones this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2015-08-01 with categories.
PREFACE The chronology is concerned primarily with operations of the US Army Air Forces and its combat units between December 7, 1941 and September 15, 1945. It is designed as a companion reference to the seven-volume history of The Army Air Forces in World War 11, edited by Wesley Frank Craven and James Lea Cate. The research was a cooperative endeavor carried out in the United States Air Force historical archives by the Research Branch of the Albert F. Simpson Historical Research Center. Such an effort has demanded certain changes in established historical methodology, as well as some arbitrary rules for presentation of the results. After International and US events, entries are arranged geographically. They begin with events at Army Air Forces Headquarters in Washington then proceed eastward around the world, using the location of the headquarters of the numbered air forces as the basis for placement. For this reason, entries concerning the Ninth Air Force while operating in the Middle East follow Twelfth Air Force. When that headquarters moves to England in October 1943, the entries are shifted to follow Eighth Air Force. The entries end with those numbered air forces which remained in the Zone of the Interior, as well as units originally activated in the ZI, then designated for later movement overseas, such as Ninth and Tenth Air Forces. The ZI entries do not include Eighth and Twentieth Air Forces, which were established in the ZI with the original intent of placing them in those geographical locations with which they became historically identified. For these two units, original actions are shown either under AAF or in their intended geographic area of location. All times and dates used are those of the area under discussion. The entry "1/2 Jun" indicates that an event occurred during the night between the two given dates, while "1-2 Jun" indicates an action over a period of time. In dealing with people, again arbitrary decisions were implemented. For military men below the general officer or equivalent level, full grade and name were used. For general officers and those of equal grade in other US and foreign services, the complete rank (both that at the time first mentioned and the highest rank held prior to the end of the war) and name will be found in the index. Only an abbreviated rank (e.g., Gen or Adm) and last name are used in the text. The exception is where two general officers had the same last name; in such cases, the first name is also included. Similarly for civilian leaders, only the last name is used; full name and title are given in the index. Location of all towns, islands, etc., is also made in the index. In all cases, attempts were made to cite place names in use by the native population at the time of or immediately before the war. No names imposed by a conqueror are used. For example Pylos Bay, not Navarino Bay, is used. Further, as appropriate, native geographic terms are used: Shima for island in. Japanese island groups, See for lake in Germany. However, two exceptions were made. In cases in which the place became infamous because of the actions of the conquering power, that name is preferred-for example Auschwitz would be used rather than the Polish name of Oswiecim. Also, in larger international cities, such as Roma, Koln and Wien, the anglicized name is used. Where a village or hamlet was difficult to locate or where there were several such places with the same name in a general area, the coordinates are given in the index. In some cases, with no extant navigational aids of the attacking force, the best possible guess was made based upon all available evidence. In other instances, such as the bridge at Hay-ti-attacked so often by Tenth Air Force-- a logical guess could not be made. In these cases, a question mark is placed in brackets after the index entry. Accent marks, such as umlauts, were omitted.
A History Of The B 24 Liberator In Over 300 Photographs Stories And Analyisis Including The U S Army Air Forces In World War Ii Combat Chronology 1941 1945 American Air Power In Wwii
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Author :
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2015-07-28
A History Of The B 24 Liberator In Over 300 Photographs Stories And Analyisis Including The U S Army Air Forces In World War Ii Combat Chronology 1941 1945 American Air Power In Wwii written by and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2015-07-28 with categories.
PREFACE The chronology is concerned primarily with operations of the US Army Air Forces and its combat units between December 7, 1941 and September 15, 1945. It is designed as a companion reference to the seven-volume history of The Army Air Forces in World War 11, edited by Wesley Frank Craven and James Lea Cate. The research was a cooperative endeavor carried out in the United States Air Force historical archives by the Research Branch of the Albert F. Simpson Historical Research Center. Such an effort has demanded certain changes in established historical methodology, as well as some arbitrary rules for presentation of the results. After International and US events, entries are arranged geographically. They begin with events at Army Air Forces Headquarters in Washington then proceed eastward around the world, using the location of the headquarters of the numbered air forces as the basis for placement. For this reason, entries concerning the Ninth Air Force while operating in the Middle East follow Twelfth Air Force. When that headquarters moves to England in October 1943, the entries are shifted to follow Eighth Air Force. The entries end with those numbered air forces which remained in the Zone of the Interior, as well as units originally activated in the ZI, then designated for later movement overseas, such as Ninth and Tenth Air Forces. The ZI entries do not include Eighth and Twentieth Air Forces, which were established in the ZI with the original intent of placing them in those geographical locations with which they became historically identified. For these two units, original actions are shown either under AAF or in their intended geographic area of location. All times and dates used are those of the area under discussion. The entry "1/2 Jun" indicates that an event occurred during the night between the two given dates, while "1-2 Jun" indicates an action over a period of time. In dealing with people, again arbitrary decisions were implemented. For military men below the general officer or equivalent level, full grade and name were used. For general officers and those of equal grade in other US and foreign services, the complete rank (both that at the time first mentioned and the highest rank held prior to the end of the war) and name will be found in the index. Only an abbreviated rank (e.g., Gen or Adm) and last name are used in the text. The exception is where two general officers had the same last name; in such cases, the first name is also included. Similarly for civilian leaders, only the last name is used; full name and title are given in the index. Location of all towns, islands, etc., is also made in the index. In all cases, attempts were made to cite place names in use by the native population at the time of or immediately before the war. No names imposed by a conqueror are used. For example Pylos Bay, not Navarino Bay, is used. Further, as appropriate, native geographic terms are used: Shima for island in. Japanese island groups, See for lake in Germany. However, two exceptions were made. In cases in which the place became infamous because of the actions of the conquering power, that name is preferred-for example Auschwitz would be used rather than the Polish name of Oswiecim. Also, in larger international cities, such as Roma, Koln and Wien, the anglicized name is used. Where a village or hamlet was difficult to locate or where there were several such places with the same name in a general area, the coordinates are given in the index. In some cases, with no extant navigational aids of the attacking force, the best possible guess was made based upon all available evidence. In other instances, such as the bridge at Hay-ti-attacked so often by Tenth Air Force-- a logical guess could not be made. In these cases, a question mark is placed in brackets after the index entry. Accent marks, such as umlauts, were omitted.
Environmental Impact Of Ships
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Author : Stephen de Mora
language : en
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Release Date : 2020-11-05
Environmental Impact Of Ships written by Stephen de Mora and has been published by Cambridge University Press this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2020-11-05 with Business & Economics categories.
A comprehensive, global review of the impact ships have on the environment, covering pollutant discharges, non-pollutant impacts and international legislation.
Exercising Control Of The Sea
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Author : Milan Vego
language : en
Publisher: Routledge
Release Date : 2020-10-14
Exercising Control Of The Sea written by Milan Vego and has been published by Routledge this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2020-10-14 with History categories.
This book explains both the strategic and the operational aspects of exercising control of the sea. The struggle for sea control consists of three mutually related and overlapping phases: obtaining, maintaining and exercising sea control. It is in the phase of exercising sea control when one’s strategic or operational success is exploited; otherwise, the fruits of victories achieved would be wasted. This work describes the strategy of a stronger side in wartime after a desired degree of control has been obtained, which is followed by a discussion on the objectives and main methods used in exercising sea control. The remaining chapters explain and analyze in some detail each of the main methods of exercising sea control: defence and protection of one’s own and destruction/neutralization of the enemy’s military-economic potential at sea, capturing the enemy’s operationally important positions ashore, destroying/weakening the enemy’s military-economic potential ashore and supporting one’s ground forces in their offensive and defensive operations on the coast. This book will be of much interest to students of strategic studies, sea power and naval history.
To Tell The Truth
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Author : Lewis M. Simons
language : en
Publisher: Rowman & Littlefield
Release Date : 2022-11-15
To Tell The Truth written by Lewis M. Simons and has been published by Rowman & Littlefield this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2022-11-15 with Biography & Autobiography categories.
At a time when journalism is under attack from Trumpian charges of “lying press,” my 50 years as a foreign correspondent in Asia demonstrate that without journalists who risk their lives, American democracy is in danger of shattering.
Bankrupting The Enemy
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Author : Edward S. Miller
language : en
Publisher: US Naval Institute Press
Release Date : 2007
Bankrupting The Enemy written by Edward S. Miller and has been published by US Naval Institute Press this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2007 with Business & Economics categories.
"Award-winning author Edward S. Miller contends that the United States forced Japan into international bankruptcy to deter its aggression. While researching newly declassified records, the retired chief financial executive of a Fortune 500 resources corporation uncovered just how much money mattered. The Japanese government had a huge cache of dollars fraudulently hidden in New York that, once discovered, it scrambled to extract. But in July 1941, President Roosevelt froze the money in an effort to "bring Japan to its senses, not its knees." His intentions were thwarted, however, by opportunistic bureaucrats who maneuvered to deny Japan the dollars needed to buy oil and other resources for its economic survival. Miller's analysis of prewar documents, including a massive OSS-State Department study, clearly demonstrates that the deprivations facing the Japanese people as a result of the freeze buttressed Japan's choice of war at Pearl Harbor."--Jacket
Reasons To Read America The Great 2014
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Author : Edward Sisson
language : en
Publisher: Edward Sisson
Release Date : 2014-08-20
Reasons To Read America The Great 2014 written by Edward Sisson and has been published by Edward Sisson this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2014-08-20 with categories.
This book includes 42 messages drafted during the first seven weeks (June 23 to August 12) after publication of "America the Great," which the author of "America the Great" sent to various groups of persons he thought would be interested in reading "America the Great." Some of the earliest messages are to persons in Scotland and the United Kingdom, because of the September 2014 Scotland Independence Referendum, to note the argument in "America the Great" concerning the legal and practical possibility of joining the United States rather than the European Union. Several of the messages – the longest ones – are to professors and experts in the fields of political science and law in non-United States countries – especially in countries threatened by the current government of mainland China, including Taiwan, South Korea, Japan, the Philippines, and Australia. As he neared the end of the process of drafting these, it occurred to the author that a collection of the messages could be of interest to the general world-wide public. The message to the Philippines, which closes this collection, is perhaps the most important, due to its discussion of naval military issues, and ought also to be read by Australians as if directed to them. New Zealanders should consider the Australian and Philippines messages as also directed to them. The author has added a 27 page addendum concerning the sources of his assertion of expertise in military and diplomatic strategy. This addendum is original material not in "America the Great" and not included in any of the messages.