Circassia
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Circassia
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Author : Adel Bashqawi
language : en
Publisher: Xlibris Corporation
Release Date : 2017-09-15
Circassia written by Adel Bashqawi and has been published by Xlibris Corporation this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2017-09-15 with History categories.
Many Circassian people have been living in diaspora for more than 150 years. They were forcefully driven out of their homeland by a combination of military and political methods. In this book, author Adel Bashqawi explains the origins, details and outcomes of the Russian-Circassian war and how it was directly responsible for the current situation of Circassians. He discusses the crimes and human rights violations committed against Circassians. The author sheds light on the evolution of the political situation of Circassians in the homeland and in diaspora until the current day, including the various Circassian political bodies. The author also deals with the issue of the Circassian identity and possible legal methods that Circassians can utilize to regain their rights. This book will teach Circassians, young and old, about their history and the history of their homeland. It is a must read for anyone who is interested in the Circassian issue and for anyone who cares about human rights.
Circassian History
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Author : Kadir I. Natho
language : en
Publisher: Xlibris Corporation
Release Date : 2009-12-03
Circassian History written by Kadir I. Natho and has been published by Xlibris Corporation this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2009-12-03 with History categories.
Circassian History relates the heroic struggle for survival of one of the most ancient nations in the world, with a unique language and a highly developed distinctive culture. Beginning from 1555, Circassian princes began seeking the friendship and protection of czarist Russia against the aggressions of the Ottoman Turks and Crimean Khans. However, Czarist Russia unleashed its colonial war against Circassia to build the necessary harbors on the Black Sea. Their Nart Epos and archeological finds of the Maikop dolmen and barrow cultures testify that the ancestors of the Circassians lived and prospered on the same territory at least since the advent of the Bronze Age. Their Homeland in North Caucasus stretched from the main ridge of the Caucasus Mountains to the northeastern Black Sea and eastern Azov seacoasts. Its northern boundaries run from Lake Manych and along the Terek Riverthe northern boundary of Kabarda. Beginning from 1555, Circassian princes began seeking the friendship and protection of czarist Russia against the aggressions of the Ottoman Turks and Crimean Khans. However, Czarist Russia unleashed its colonial aggression and conquered Circassia to build the necessary harbors on the Black Sea. Russia planned to seize Bosphorus and Dardanelles with the passage to the Mediterranean Sea, weaken the position of the Ottoman Empire, deal a powerful blow on the trade interests of Great Britain, and gain the upper hand over the European powers in the contest for world supremacy. In this unequal war, Russia occupied Kabarda in 1779. By 1822, it stripped off the Kabardinian princes of the right to rule in their own land and subjected them and their country to the dictatorship of the commanding generals of the Russian armed forces. Thus, early and masterfully, Russia had cut off Kabarda from its western kindred and then directed its military might against Western Circassia. During this period, Russia launched a powerful worldwide propaganda campaign, portraying the Circassians to the Western world as the marauding savages who should be obliterated from the face of the earth in order to ensure peace in the region. At the same time, Russia kept increasing its armed forces in this region. For example, during General Yermolovs time, Russia increased its army in this region from 5075,000, excluding the Cossacks. Russia added 47 new battalions since 1831 and another 40,000 soldiers in 1840. In short, a 210,000 Russian armies and 80,000 Cossack Cavalries were conducting military operations in Circassia during 18531856. Later, Russia reinforced it with 24,000 Russian infantry corps and 2 dragoon regiments and artillery. Russia suffered colossal losses in the Russo-Circassian War. Since the time of Catherine II to 1864, 1.5 million Russian soldiers fell in this country, excluding the Cossack losses as they were not considered a part of the regular Russian army. From the beginning until the end of the war, the Russian army had burnt and pillaged twenty, thirty, fifty, and one hundred Circassian villages at a time, destroying the harvest and driving out the cattle; the Russian army killed or uprooted the native inhabitants and settled Cossack and Russian stanitsas in the territory, according to the planned genocide. As Russian generals stated openly, Russia needed the Circassian lands, not the Circassians. Finally, Russia crushed the Circassian nation in 1864, forced them from their historical Motherland, drove them to the Black Sea shore under Russian bayonets, and threw them into the confines of the Ottoman Empire thus completing its planned genocide. At the present time, as a result of the genocide, 90 percent of the Circassian population lives scattered all over the world. They survived the planned Russian genocide, the cold, deprivations, epidemics, and other companions of their forcible exile. They became exemplary citizens of many countries, established their own new republicsAdigey, Kabardino-Balkaria
A Year Among The Circassians
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Author : John Augustus Longworth
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 1840
A Year Among The Circassians written by John Augustus Longworth and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 1840 with Circassia categories.
The Circassian Genocide
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Author : Walter Richmond
language : en
Publisher: Rutgers University Press
Release Date : 2013-04-09
The Circassian Genocide written by Walter Richmond and has been published by Rutgers University Press this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2013-04-09 with History categories.
Circassia was a small independent nation on the northeastern shore of the Black Sea. For no reason other than ethnic hatred, over the course of hundreds of raids the Russians drove the Circassians from their homeland and deported them to the Ottoman Empire. At least 600,000 people lost their lives to massacre, starvation, and the elements while hundreds of thousands more were forced to leave their homeland. By 1864, three-fourths of the population was annihilated, and the Circassians had become one of the first stateless peoples in modern history. Using rare archival materials, Walter Richmond chronicles the history of the war, describes in detail the final genocidal campaign, and follows the Circassians in diaspora through five generations as they struggle to survive and return home. He places the periods of acute genocide, 1821–1822 and 1863–1864, in the larger context of centuries of tension between the two nations and updates the story to the present day as the Circassian community works to gain international recognition of the genocide as the region prepares for the 2014 Winter Olympics in Sochi, the site of the Russians’ final victory.
Journal Of A Residence In Circassia
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Author : James Stanislaus Bell
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 1840
Journal Of A Residence In Circassia written by James Stanislaus Bell and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 1840 with categories.
Circassia
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Author : George Leighton Ditson
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 1850
Circassia written by George Leighton Ditson and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 1850 with Caucasus categories.
Travels In Circassia Krim Tartary C
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Author : Edmund Spencer (capt.)
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 1837
Travels In Circassia Krim Tartary C written by Edmund Spencer (capt.) and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 1837 with categories.
Travels In Circassia Krim Tartary C
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Author : Edmund Spencer
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 1837
Travels In Circassia Krim Tartary C written by Edmund Spencer and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 1837 with Black Sea categories.
The Circassian Miracle The Nation Neither Tsars Nor Commissars Nor Russia Could Stop
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Author : Adel Bashqawi
language : en
Publisher: Xlibris Corporation
Release Date : 2019-12-11
The Circassian Miracle The Nation Neither Tsars Nor Commissars Nor Russia Could Stop written by Adel Bashqawi and has been published by Xlibris Corporation this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2019-12-11 with History categories.
This work is dedicated to Circassia, the historical homeland of the Circassians, who inspired and encouraged emerging generations to maintain the torch of freedom and to lead the way, despite all obstacles and attempts of exclusion that have been tested over the years. Since the subjugation of their homeland, the Circassians were subjected to harsh conditions in all walks of life, which wasn’t easy to withstand and get through. This meant a dictatorial, savage, direct military and security jurisdiction, and domination for the duration of both tyrant tsarist imperial and Soviet/Communist eras. From the beginning of the 1990s on, the general situation has been quite different concerning the circumstances that the Circassian affairs have been clutched to. After decades of being forgotten, the people of the Caucasus region and the world at large have started to become enlightened with information that was prevented and blocked from the public. Even the historians, specialists, and academicians were not in the picture of the pain, destiny, and suffering that the Circassian nation was inflicted with for decades, specifically since the occupation and deportation of 1864.
Turkey Russia The Black Sea And Circassia
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Author : Edmund Spencer
language : en
Publisher: London : Routledge
Release Date : 1854
Turkey Russia The Black Sea And Circassia written by Edmund Spencer and has been published by London : Routledge this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 1854 with Black Sea categories.