Climate Change Air Pollution And Global Challenges
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Climate Change Air Pollution And Global Challenges
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Author :
language : en
Publisher: Newnes
Release Date : 2013-11-19
Climate Change Air Pollution And Global Challenges written by and has been published by Newnes this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2013-11-19 with Technology & Engineering categories.
There are significant pressures from climate change and air pollution that forests currently face. This book aims to increase understanding of the state and potential of forest ecosystems to mitigate and adapt to climate change in a polluted environment. It reconciles process-oriented research, long-term monitoring and applied modeling through comprehensive forest ecosystem research. Furthermore, it introduces "forest super sites for research for integrating soil, plant and atmospheric sciences and monitoring. It also provides mechanistic and policy-oriented modeling with scientifically sound risk indications regarding atmospheric changes and ecosystem services. - Identifies current knowledge gaps and emerging research needs - Highlights novel methodologies and integrated research concepts - Assesses ecological meaning of investigations and prioritizing research need
Climate Change Air Pollution And Global Challenges
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Author : Elena Paoletti
language : en
Publisher: Elsevier Inc. Chapters
Release Date : 2013-11-19
Climate Change Air Pollution And Global Challenges written by Elena Paoletti and has been published by Elsevier Inc. Chapters this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2013-11-19 with Nature categories.
Untangling the complex effects that different air pollution and climate change factors cause to forest ecosystems is challenging. Supersites, that is, comprehensive measurement sites where research and monitoring of the whole soil–plant–atmosphere system can be carried out, are suggested as a refinement of the current monitoring and research efforts in Europe. This chapter identifies and discusses key measurements to be carried out at such supersites, with a focus on four topical subjects: the carbon, nitrogen, ozone and water budgets. This kind of holistic approach is vital to a realistic translation of the ongoing changes in climate and air quality into research on the impacts on forest ecosystems. Such an integrated effort requires a considerable use of resources at highly instrumented measurement sites and can only be achieved by building on existing infrastructures.
Climate Change Air Pollution And Global Challenges
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Author : Pavel Cudlín
language : en
Publisher: Elsevier Inc. Chapters
Release Date : 2013-11-19
Climate Change Air Pollution And Global Challenges written by Pavel Cudlín and has been published by Elsevier Inc. Chapters this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2013-11-19 with Nature categories.
Forests provide many supporting, regulating and cultural services. Extensive environmental changes have resulted in a substantial loss or degradation of forest ecosystem services (ES). Unclear interactions of climate-change phenomena make it difficult to estimate forest ES. Research on interactive effects of climate change and air pollution has become a central issue in forest science during the past decade. Climate change in interaction with air pollution brings novel combinations of severity and timing of multiple stresses, which may significantly affect many forest ES. The aims of the present chapter are to identify basic concepts of evaluating ES with a focus on forest ES, to provide physiological and ecological bases for their evaluation, and to discuss the interactive effects of climate change and air pollution on forest ES based on selected tree physiological functions. Climate regulation mediated by deforestation-induced changes in the hydrological cycle is discussed. Adaptive governance and communication to the public promotes sustainable forest–multi-stakeholder collaboration. A case study is presented evaluating selected ES in a forest–agricultural landscape in the Czech Republic on the basis of monitored energy, water and material flows estimation. From this study, it is apparent that future research must include multi-factorial anthropogenic and natural interactions of climatic changes and air pollution in conjunction with sustainable forest ES provisions. Sustainable forest management is an essential tool for reducing the vulnerability of forests to environmental change.
Climate Change Air Pollution And Global Challenges
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Author : Alessandra R. Kozovits
language : en
Publisher: Elsevier Inc. Chapters
Release Date : 2013-11-19
Climate Change Air Pollution And Global Challenges written by Alessandra R. Kozovits and has been published by Elsevier Inc. Chapters this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2013-11-19 with Nature categories.
Over recent decades, climate changes, especially revealed through alteration in rainfall patterns, with apparent intensification of the dry season, have been documented throughout Latin America. At the same time, this region of the globe has displayed strong economic growth along with profound changes in land use and emission of air pollutants. Long-term studies have shown that functional groups of plants from tropical and sub-tropical rainforests and savannas, the largest and most diverse biomes in the region, present different sensitivities to climate change, increasing CO2 and atmospheric deposition of nitrogen, for example, resulting in evident changes in community structure and dynamics. In general, these factors have led to a reduction in plant diversity. Ozone, though less studied in the region, has been monitored in the major urban centres, and its relation to land use change, as through biomass burning, has become evident. The main results of plant responses to pollutants and climate change are presented.
Climate Change Air Pollution And Global Challenges
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Author : Mikhail Sofiev
language : en
Publisher: Elsevier Inc. Chapters
Release Date : 2013-11-19
Climate Change Air Pollution And Global Challenges written by Mikhail Sofiev and has been published by Elsevier Inc. Chapters this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2013-11-19 with Nature categories.
The chapter gives a short outlook of wildland fires and their influence on atmospheric composition, air quality and climate. Fires are among the most powerful sources of atmospheric tracers and also means of changing the ecosystems themselves. Present pattern of the biomass burning is strongly affected by anthropogenic activities, both via accidental and deliberate ignitions of the fires (about 90% fires are started by humans) and via various fire-fighting and prevention measures. The role of urban–rural interface territories is particularly high in this regard. The fire specifics and impact vary in the different parts of the globe. In forested regions, the bulk of consumed biomass can be attributed to a comparatively small number of major episodes, whereas in arid regions, individual fires are smaller but more numerous. Remote sensing is the primary way of fire monitoring. Three types of products—inventories of burnt areas, count of active fires and estimates of release of fire radiative energy—are available from several satellite instruments. Altogether, they cover the whole globe and span over several decades. Based on this information, several inventories of consumed biomass and atmospheric emissions have been compiled. Their comparison shows qualitative similarity of the products but the differences are substantial. Understanding the reasons for these differences and development of consensus-based methodologies is among the main challenges for the near future.
Climate Change Air Pollution And Global Challenges
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Author : Rainer Matyssek
language : en
Publisher: Elsevier Inc. Chapters
Release Date : 2013-11-19
Climate Change Air Pollution And Global Challenges written by Rainer Matyssek and has been published by Elsevier Inc. Chapters this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2013-11-19 with Nature categories.
This chapter outlines the aims and scope of the book. An introduction is given to the current status of knowledge which is presented on the topic of the book. Arguments are presented for writing the book, in view of continued, long-term and process-based research needed for mitigating ecological and socio-economic risks to forests under global change. The book will conclude on suggestions for decision making and reasons for continued funding of related research.
Climate Change Air Pollution And Global Challenges
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Author : Maria Nijnik
language : en
Publisher: Elsevier Inc. Chapters
Release Date : 2013-11-19
Climate Change Air Pollution And Global Challenges written by Maria Nijnik and has been published by Elsevier Inc. Chapters this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2013-11-19 with Nature categories.
Contemporary societies expect a range of services (including of carbon sequestration) to be supplied from forest ecosystems. Their growing societal importance is clearly reflected in policies. The conceptual framework for the states that people are integral parts of ecosystems and that a dynamic interaction exists between them and other parts of ecosystems. This approach encompasses social, economic and environmental interactions, and the dynamics and cross scale issues that have multiple outcomes. However, forest multifunctionality is a challenge since the combination of multiple ecosystem services may be very different and dependent on a high number of factors. Stakeholder priorities with respect to individual ecosystem services may be variable, as may be a range of stakeholders. Reflexive, participatory and multilevel governance, in a continuous process of its adjustment, needs therefore to be developed to enable forestry decision-makers to consider existing opinions and behavioural patterns of the diverse stakeholders who drive the forestry change and respond to it. In such a retrospective, numerous questions have arisen, among which the integration of carbon sequestration into multifunctional forestry is among priorities. Carbon forestry enables society to buy time for development of low carbon and decarbonisation technologies; while its integration into multifunctional land use offers innovation, employment and new markets, with locally and regionally oriented value chains. This particularly concerns remote areas where forestry could foster socio-economic development and combine it with the enhancement of nature and rural landscape. However, the question: how to multiply synergies and balance trade-offs merits attention. Fostering resilience of forestry systems to climate change necessitates the establishment of an appropriate framework, because, although multipurpose afforestation may result in lower rates of carbon sequestration, it is expected to be more attractive to people as it will provide additional benefits and will promote sustainable development.
Climate Change Air Pollution And Global Challenges
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Author : John King
language : en
Publisher: Elsevier Inc. Chapters
Release Date : 2013-11-19
Climate Change Air Pollution And Global Challenges written by John King and has been published by Elsevier Inc. Chapters this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2013-11-19 with Nature categories.
Goods and services provided by forests will be needed in greater amounts in the coming decades, yet are threatened by climate change and air pollution. In this chapter, we survey the peer-reviewed literature on elevated atmospheric CO2 (eCO2) and tropospheric O3 (eO3) interaction experiments, and discuss implications of results for policy development and social welfare. We located 58 studies reporting data on physiology, biomass production, litter quality and decomposition. Studies were abundant for young and intermediate ages, but non-existent for mature forests. Most plant parameters increased with exposure to eCO2, decreased under eO3 and were often intermediate for the eCO2×eO3 interaction, though this latter treatment was not always statistically significant. Current environmental policy could make better use of existing science, but more work, especially on mature forest ecosystems, is needed in step with process-model development to better predict forest responses and guide policy for future changes in air quality and climate.
Climate Change Air Pollution And Global Challenges
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Author : Thomas Knoke
language : en
Publisher: Elsevier Inc. Chapters
Release Date : 2013-11-19
Climate Change Air Pollution And Global Challenges written by Thomas Knoke and has been published by Elsevier Inc. Chapters this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2013-11-19 with Nature categories.
We analyse options to adapt forest and agricultural ecosystems to the adverse consequences of climatic change. We provide an overview of global change as it relates to the forest and agriculture sectors and conclude that forests should be analysed and their management optimised, together with their neighbouring agricultural ecosystems, if we are to be successful in meeting the challenges of future land-use conflicts. These challenges include balancing the need to satisfy increasing food and resource demands (provisioning services) while still providing indispensable regulating services such as climate and water protection. For the forestry sector, we identify various options to adapt ecosystems to climatic change, such as appropriate choice of tree species, mixed and uneven-aged forests, thinnings and adapted rotation length. We see, however, great potential in comprehensive land-use portfolios containing mixed, and thus diversified, alternatives—with patches of croplands, pastures and forests—to achieve a more sustainable intensification of land-use concepts. Such concepts would reduce the vulnerability of land-use systems to the effects of climatic change. Natural forests, whose continued existence must be secured by conservation payments, are a necessary component used to store carbon, to protect the water balance and to preserve biodiversity. In future, comprehensive land-use models are necessary to make demonstrable and to optimise the ecological and economic consequences of various land-use concepts.
Climate Change Air Pollution And Global Challenges
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Author : Vivek Pandey
language : en
Publisher: Elsevier Inc. Chapters
Release Date : 2013-11-19
Climate Change Air Pollution And Global Challenges written by Vivek Pandey and has been published by Elsevier Inc. Chapters this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2013-11-19 with Nature categories.
The air pollution and greenhouse gas emission problem has been exacerbated in India due to large population increase and rapid economic growth. The Indo-Gangetic Plains of Northern India, one of the most fertile regions of the world, has become one of the most polluted regions. The region has emerged as a ‘hot spot’ for air pollution, especially ozone (O3), threatening food-grain production. The air quality data show large parts of India suffering from high pollution load. Unfortunately, O3 monitoring is still in its infancy. There are reports of O3-caused yield and biomass losses in crops ranging between 10% and 51%, offsetting a significant portion of the Gross Domestic Productivity growth rate. There are no O3 experiments conducted with Indian tree species, but the crop losses suggest that O3 may have a deleterious impact also in long-lived trees in the Indian area. There is a critical need to study how O3will impact trees and forest ecosystems.