Clusters And Small Particles
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Clusters And Small Particles
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Author : Boris M. Smirnov
language : en
Publisher: Springer Science & Business Media
Release Date : 2012-12-06
Clusters And Small Particles written by Boris M. Smirnov and has been published by Springer Science & Business Media this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2012-12-06 with Science categories.
Small particles in gaseous systems are called clusters, aerosols, dust particles, Aitken particles, etc., depending on their size, the media where they are observed, and the field of science in which they are studied. Below we call clusters systems of bound atoms or molecules containing from several atoms (molecules) up to thousands, so that their structure can be essential for determining their properties. If clusters are like bulk systems, we call them small particles. The principal pecu liarity of clusters is with respect to magic numbers of cluster atoms that correspond to a heightened cluster stability. Magic numbers correspond to complete structures of clusters as systems of bound atoms or molecules. The values of magic nwnbers depend on the character of interaction of the cluster's atoms. Cluster parameters as a function of the number of cluster atoms n have extrema at the magic nwnbers of atoms. For example, a cluster with a magic nwnber of atoms has a higher binding energy and ionization potential than clusters with neighboring nwnbers of atoms. The difference between clusters and small particles is such that parameters of small particles are monotonic functions of the nwnber of their atoms, while for clusters these parameters have local extrema at magic nwnbers of atoms.
Clusters And Small Particles
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Author : Boris Mikhaĭlovich Smirnov
language : en
Publisher: Springer Science & Business Media
Release Date : 2000-06-08
Clusters And Small Particles written by Boris Mikhaĭlovich Smirnov and has been published by Springer Science & Business Media this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2000-06-08 with Science categories.
Not merely a discussion of small particles or clusters of atoms, molecules, but also the systems they constitute. The goal is to analyse the properties of such finite aggregates and their behaviour in gases and plasmas, and to investigate processes that involve such clusters, based on lectures and seminar problems for graduates. The main part of the book includes more than 200 problems, covering collisions, charge transfer, chemical reactions, condensed systems and their structures, kinetics of cluster growth, excited clusters, the transition from clusters to bulk particles, and small particles, dust, and aerosols in plasmas. Reference data for corresponding parameters of systems under consideration is given in the appendices. Of interest to physicists, astrophysicists, and chemists.
Small Particles And Inorganic Clusters
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Author : Claude Chapon
language : en
Publisher: Springer Science & Business Media
Release Date : 2012-12-06
Small Particles And Inorganic Clusters written by Claude Chapon and has been published by Springer Science & Business Media this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2012-12-06 with Science categories.
A lively demonstration of the great vitality and the multidisciplinary character of cluster research and of the usefulness of synthesizing its various aspects was given at this symposium. This volume covers all aspects of the physical and chemical properties of free and supported clusters or small particles: static, dynamical, electronic, magnetic and optical properties, adsorption and chemical phenomena. It thus gives a complete overview of the status of the field and its development.
Clusters And Small Particles
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Author : Boris M. Smirnov
language : en
Publisher: Springer
Release Date : 2012-10-23
Clusters And Small Particles written by Boris M. Smirnov and has been published by Springer this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2012-10-23 with Science categories.
Not merely a discussion of small particles or clusters of atoms, molecules, but also the systems they constitute. The goal is to analyse the properties of such finite aggregates and their behaviour in gases and plasmas, and to investigate processes that involve such clusters, based on lectures and seminar problems for graduates. The main part of the book includes more than 200 problems, covering collisions, charge transfer, chemical reactions, condensed systems and their structures, kinetics of cluster growth, excited clusters, the transition from clusters to bulk particles, and small particles, dust, and aerosols in plasmas. Reference data for corresponding parameters of systems under consideration is given in the appendices. Of interest to physicists, astrophysicists, and chemists.
Small Particles And Inorganic Clusters
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Author : K. H. Bennemann
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 1985
Small Particles And Inorganic Clusters written by K. H. Bennemann and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 1985 with Particles categories.
Physics And Chemistry Of Metal Cluster Compounds
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Author : L.J. de Jongh
language : en
Publisher: Springer Science & Business Media
Release Date : 2013-03-09
Physics And Chemistry Of Metal Cluster Compounds written by L.J. de Jongh and has been published by Springer Science & Business Media this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2013-03-09 with Science categories.
On Friday, February 20, 1980, I had the pleasure to be present at the inaugural lecture of my colleague Jan Reedijk, who had just been named at the Chair of Inorganic Chemistry of Leiden University. According to tradition, the ceremony took place in the impressive Hall of the old University Academy Building. In the course of his lecture, Jan mentioned a number of recent developments in chemistry which had struck him as particularly important or interesting. Among those was the synthesis of large metal cluster compounds, and, to my luck, he showed a slide ofthe molecular structure of [PtI9(C)b]4-. (To my luck, since at traditional Leiden University it is quite unusual to show slides at such ceremonies.) This constituted my first acquaintance with this exciting new class of materials. I became immediately fascinated by this molecule, partly because of the esthetic beauty of its fivefold symmetry, partly because as a physicist it struck me that it could be visualized as an "embryonically small" metal particle, embedded in a shell of CO ligands.
Atom Probe Tomography
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Author : Williams Lefebvre
language : en
Publisher: Academic Press
Release Date : 2016-05-30
Atom Probe Tomography written by Williams Lefebvre and has been published by Academic Press this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2016-05-30 with Science categories.
Atom Probe Tomography is aimed at beginners and researchers interested in expanding their expertise in this area. It provides the theoretical background and practical information necessary to investigate how materials work using atom probe microscopy techniques, and includes detailed explanations of the fundamentals, the instrumentation, contemporary specimen preparation techniques, and experimental details, as well as an overview of the results that can be obtained. The book emphasizes processes for assessing data quality and the proper implementation of advanced data mining algorithms. For those more experienced in the technique, this book will serve as a single comprehensive source of indispensable reference information, tables, and techniques. Both beginner and expert will value the way the book is set out in the context of materials science and engineering. In addition, its references to key research outcomes based upon the training program held at the University of Rouen—one of the leading scientific research centers exploring the various aspects of the instrument—will further enhance understanding and the learning process. - Provides an introduction to the capabilities and limitations of atom probe tomography when analyzing materials - Written for both experienced researchers and new users - Includes exercises, along with corrections, for users to practice the techniques discussed - Contains coverage of more advanced and less widespread techniques, such as correlative APT and STEM microscopy
Cluster Models For Surface And Bulk Phenomena
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Author : Gianfranco Pacchioni
language : en
Publisher: Springer Science & Business Media
Release Date : 2013-03-08
Cluster Models For Surface And Bulk Phenomena written by Gianfranco Pacchioni and has been published by Springer Science & Business Media this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2013-03-08 with Science categories.
It is widely recognized that an understanding of the physical and chemical properties of clusters will give a great deal of important information relevant to surface and bulk properties of condensed matter. This relevance of clusters for condensed matter is one of the major motivations for the study of atomic and molecular clusters. The changes of properties with cluster size, from small clusters containing only a few atoms to large clusters containing tens of thousands of atoms, provides a unique way to understand and to control the development of bulk properties as separated units are brought together to form an extended system. Another important use of clusters is as theoretical models of surfaces and bulk materials. The electronic wavefunctions for these cluster models have special advantages for understanding, in particular, the local properties of condensed matter. The cluster wavefunctions, obtained with molecular orbital theory, make it possible to relate chemical concepts developed to describe chemical bonds in molecules to the very closely related chemical bonding at the surface and in the bulk of condensed matter. The applications of clusters to phenomena in condensed matter is a cross-disciplinary activity which requires the interaction and collaboration of researchers in traditionally separate areas. For example, it is necessary to bring together workers whose background and expertise is molecular chemistry with those whose background is solid state physics. It is also necessary to bring together experimentalists and theoreticians.
Nanoclusters And Microparticles In Gases And Vapors
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Author : Boris M. Smirnov
language : en
Publisher: Walter de Gruyter
Release Date : 2012-05-29
Nanoclusters And Microparticles In Gases And Vapors written by Boris M. Smirnov and has been published by Walter de Gruyter this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2012-05-29 with Science categories.
Various nanoclusters and microparticles are considered in excited and ionized gases, as well as various processes with their participation. The concepts of these processes were developed 50 - 100 years ago mostly for dense media, and basing on these concepts, we analyze these processes in gases in two opposite regimes, so that in the kinetic regime surrounding atoms of a buffer gas do not partake in processesinvolving small particles, and the diffusion regime corresponds to a dense gas where interaction of small particles with a buffer gas subjects to laws of hydrodynamics. For calculation or estimation of the rates of these processes, we are based on the liquid drop model for small particles which was introduced in physics by N. Bohr about 80 years ago for the analysis of properties of atomic nuclei including the nuclear fusion and the hard sphere model (or the model of billiard balls) which was used by J. C. Maxwell 150 years ago and helped to create the kinetic theory of gases. These models along with the analysis of their accuracy allow one to study various processes, such as transport processes in gases involving small particles, charging of small particles in gases, chemical processes, atom attachment and quenching of excited atomic particles on the surface of a small particle, nucleation processes for small particles including coagulation, coalescence and growth of fractal aggregates, chain aggregates, fractal fibres and aerogels. Each analysis is finished by analytic formulas or simple models which allow us to calculate the rate of a certain real process with a known accuracy or to estimate this, and criteria of validity are given for these expressions obtained. Examples of real objects and processes involving small particles are analyzed.
Dekker Encyclopedia Of Nanoscience And Nanotechnology
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Author : James A. Schwarz
language : en
Publisher: CRC Press
Release Date : 2004
Dekker Encyclopedia Of Nanoscience And Nanotechnology written by James A. Schwarz and has been published by CRC Press this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2004 with Science categories.