Coercion And Peace
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Coercion And Peace
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Author :
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2018
Coercion And Peace written by and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2018 with categories.
PRIFs new research program started in 2018. For at least the next five years the ambivalent relationship of Coercion and Peace will provide the framework for a significant part of the research conducted at the institute. Different research groups will focus on the conditions, forms, effects and kinds of legitimation that characterize coercion to peace as well as coercion in peace. The topic is not merely of academic relevance. By studying the complex ways in which coercion and peace relate to each other the researchers aim at shedding light on the current plight of the international order and its consequences for international and intrastate conflict. The present report outlines the new research program. It identifies overarching questions, crucial conceptual clarifications, and important analytical distinctions, as well as research gaps and research topics.
Military Threats
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Author : Branislav L. Slantchev
language : en
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Release Date : 2011-02-03
Military Threats written by Branislav L. Slantchev and has been published by Cambridge University Press this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2011-02-03 with Political Science categories.
Is military power central in determining which states get their voice heard? Must states run a high risk of war to communicate credible intent? In this book, Slantchev shows that states can often obtain concessions without incurring higher risks when they use military threats. Unlike diplomatic forms of communication, physical military moves improve a state's expected performance in war. If the opponent believes the threat, it will be more likely to back down. Military moves are also inherently costly, so only resolved states are willing to pay these costs. Slantchev argues that powerful states can secure better peaceful outcomes and lower the risk of war, but the likelihood of war depends on the extent to which a state is prepared to use military threats to deter challenges to peace and compel concessions without fighting. The price of peace may therefore be large: states invest in military forces that are both costly and unused.
Military Threats
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Author : Branislav L. Slantchev
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2014-05-14
Military Threats written by Branislav L. Slantchev and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2014-05-14 with Deterrence (Strategy) categories.
This book asks whether military power is central in determining which states get their voice heard, and if so, how and why.
The United States And Coercive Diplomacy
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Author : Robert J. Art
language : en
Publisher: US Institute of Peace Press
Release Date : 2003
The United States And Coercive Diplomacy written by Robert J. Art and has been published by US Institute of Peace Press this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2003 with Law categories.
"As Robert Art makes clear in a groundbreaking conclusion, those results have been mixed at best. Art dissects the uneven performance of coercive diplomacy and explains why it has sometimes worked and why it has more often failed."--BOOK JACKET.
The Public Uses Of Coercion And Force
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Author : Ester Herlin-Karnell
language : en
Publisher: Oxford University Press
Release Date : 2021-07-16
The Public Uses Of Coercion And Force written by Ester Herlin-Karnell and has been published by Oxford University Press this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2021-07-16 with Law categories.
The Kantian project of achieving perpetual peace among states seems (at best) an unfulfilled hope. Modern states' authority claims and their exercise of power and sovereignty span a spectrum: from the most stringently and explicitly codified-the constitutional level-to the most fluid and turbulent-acts of war. The Public Uses of Coercion and Force investigates both these individual extremes and also their relationship. Using Arthur Ripstein's recent work Kant and the Law of War as a focal point, this book explores this connection through the lens of the (just) war theory and its relationship to the law. The Public Uses of Coercion and Force asks many key questions: what, if any, are the normatively salient differences between states' internal coercion and the external use of force? Is it possible to isolate the constitutional level from other aspects of the state's coercive reach? How could that be done while also guaranteeing a robust conception of human rights and adherence to the rule of law? With individual replies by Ripstein to chapters, this book will be of interest to students and academics of constitutional law, justice, philosophy of law, criminal law theory, and political science.
The Regulation Of International Coercion
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Author : James P. Terry
language : en
Publisher: Newport Paper
Release Date : 2005
The Regulation Of International Coercion written by James P. Terry and has been published by Newport Paper this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2005 with History categories.
The most significant discourse about serious threats to U.S. national security in the twenty-first century will likely concern the military capabilities and intentions of nonstate actors, acting either for themselves, for religious elites, or as surrogates for state sponsors. This preoccupation results not from any inordinate fear of "terrorism" but from a recognition of objective military and political realities. While prior to 1991 only the Soviet Union possessed the capacity to inflict catastrophic military destruction on the United States, today that threat is vested in terrorist cells and religious sects that seek to destroy the fabric of the United States through unconventional military and paramilitary means. The terrorist attacks of 11 September 2001 bear this out. During the Cold War, the major threat to the United States was clearly the fear of miscalculation by the Soviets. Today, that threat has been recharacterized in terms of deliberate aggression against the United States by nontraditional actors willing to take suicidal risks to inflict premeditated, brutal savagery on innocent civilians in a manner designed to force not so much regime change directly as policy changes that affect regime change. Commitment to national security is only as valid as the policies and plans, military, economic, and political, that shape the areas and people from which these threats originate. The problem always has been to determine which policies, and how applied, make the greatest contribution to countering the threat--a threat now represented by social and religious systems that foster or at least condone aggressive response to differing religious and social values. This has never been more true than in Afghanistan and in Iraq. Security, then, means more than simply protecting the land on which we live; it embraces a comprehensive understanding of the appropriate response to human aspirations for improved conditions of life, for equality of opportunity, and for justice and freedom. Where these interests are thwarted for peoples or groups within a particular state or region by armed protagonists representing narrow, restrictive interests, our response must be one measured by the effective institutionalization of order. This monograph first examines the relationship between law and the use of force, to include a review of the principles of legal justification, the legal criteria for self-defense, and the policy of deterrence followed by the United States. It then examines the characteristic differences between the interpretive approaches taken by national and nonnational entities in their respective claims and counterclaims during international crises. Chapter 2, which concludes Part I, is focused on the historical aspects of the minimum world order system, which today comprises the prohibition against the use of force by one state against another embodied in Article 2, paragraph 4, of the United Nations Charter, with the exception inherent in customary international law and in Article 51 of the Charter that every state is authorized to use force in self-defense. A review of the pre-Charter system focuses on the development of the nation-state and the threads of international law development leading to multilateral agreements vice solely bilateral accords. The period following World War I, with the emergence of the League of Nations, is examined for its significance as an important source of the Charter of the United Nations. The structuring of the Charter is then addressed in terms of the concept of aggression and lawful response to aggression. Chapter 2 concludes with a review of the law of self-defense as defined first under customary international law and then under the UN Charter. Part II addresses lesser conflicts. Chapter 3 addresses instances where intervention is authorized in defense of humanitarian values defined in the UN Charter. The recent humanitarian interventions in the Congo and in Kosovo provide examples of authorized humanitarian initiatives. Chapter 4 examines the American intervention in Panama in 1989 as we intervened both to protect our interests under the Panama Canal Treaty and to ensure the safety of U.S. nationals present in Panama pursuant to that agreement. Chapter 5 reviews those conflicts in which terrorist violence by individuals, groups of individuals, and state-supported terrorist elements create a right to respond through military force by the target state. The attacks by Iranian militants in 1979 and by al-Qa'ida in 2001 spearhead the discussion of lawful response to terrorist violence. Chapter 5 argues that an effective counterterrorism strategy must ensure that enforcement measures are not legally constrained and that people responsible for terrorist acts are consistently held accountable by regional and international organizations. This expanding body of international law, when coupled with increasingly effective national legislation, appears to be arming the victims of terrorism with some of the legal instruments necessary to combat the threat. This chapter concludes that governmental response to state-supported terror violence, where the elements of necessity and proportionality are met, is clearly supported by customary international law and the UN Charter. Part III, consisting of chapters 6 and 7, addresses examples of major conflict. These are conflicts that have involved aggression by one or more nation-states against another nation-state, as opposed to the intervention by nations or coalitions of nations in response to either humanitarian crises or terrorist violence. In these major conflicts, the sovereignty of a nation is normally in dispute.While not necessarily exhibiting greater destructiveness than "lesser" conflicts, the more traditional international conflicts addressed in Part III invoke the law-of-war principles reflected in the Hague Conventions of 1899 and 1907 and the Geneva Conventions of 1949. Chapter 6 examines the coalition response to Iraqi aggression in 1990-91 during Operation DESERT STORM. It contrasts the illegality of the actions of the Iraqi regime of Saddam Hussein with the responses of the coalition led by the United States, which succeeded in liberating Kuwait and returning its borders to the status quo ante. The chapter begins with a discussion of Iraq's invasion of Kuwait and the response of the United Nations, leading up to the decision to use force. It then examines the conduct of armed hostilities by both sides during the war. The chapter concludes with observations on the role of law in the successes and failures of the postwar enforcement regime in Iraq. Chapter 7, Operation IRAQI FREEDOM, examines the Bush administration's decision to invade Iraq in March 2003 and enforce a long series of UN Security Council resolutions addressing Iraqi threats to international peace and security. This chapter examines these Iraqi violations in the context of international law principles justifying intervention.More significantly, it examines the right of states to enforce mandates issued by the Security Council and to redress violations of its edicts when the Council, as a body, refuses to do so. Part IV addresses U.S. policy for peace operations. The United States has voted to support the United Nations and NATO in providing multilateral forces to restore international peace and security. The United Nations was involved in both Chapter VI (peacekeeping) and Chapter VII (peace enforcement) operations in the 1990s, with limited success. Chapter 8, "Development of Criteria for Peace Operations," looks at the limitations inherent in UN leadership of such operations, citing the UN failures in Somalia and Bosnia. The success of NATO as the leadership element in Kosovo in 1998 was significant and may foreshadow a new era for the role of regional organizations (discussed in chapter 9) under Chapter VIII of the UN Charter. Part V concerns itself with special areas of legal concern that warrant consideration with regard to legal justification for military response to international coercion. This part, "Challenges for the Twenty-first Century," addresses the right of states to respond to threats to, and attacks on, critical infrastructure. Chapter 10 examines what rights, if any, in self-defense are triggered by attacks on infrastructure systems critical to our national political and economic integrity. Chapter 11, concerning computer network attack, takes this one step farther and examines the authority that international law provides to nations wishing to protect these systems aggressively, through preemptive defense. Chapter 11 carefully analyzes the right to target computer networks of nations that have expressed "clear indicators of attack." Finally, recommendations are offered to enhance the ability of the international legal system to support and embrace, strongly and legally, computer-generated data-warfare responses to such aggression. This Newport Paper examines representative instances where force has recently been used in international relations, the circumstances under which it was used, the instructive international policy and legal constructs that can be applied, and the relationship of these policies to the minimum world order system established in Articles 2(4) and 51 of the United Nations Charter. That system, defined more fully in the pages that follow, provides a complementary structure that prohibits and counters the unlawful, aggressive use of force, on the one hand, and permits national and collective self-defense, on the other, in a manner designed to meet both the traditional threats represented during the Cold War and the nontraditional threats we have seen recently and can expect in the future.
Ethics Of Coercion And Authority
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Author : Timo Airaksinen
language : en
Publisher: University of Pittsburgh Pre
Release Date : 2010-11-23
Ethics Of Coercion And Authority written by Timo Airaksinen and has been published by University of Pittsburgh Pre this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2010-11-23 with Philosophy categories.
“The work would be of great value to philosophers engaged in the conceptual analysis of coercion, to political scientists studying the state or other coercive institutions, and to advanced readers interested in the field of peace research.”—Choice
Military Strategy A Very Short Introduction
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Author : Antulio J. Echevarria II
language : en
Publisher: Oxford University Press
Release Date : 2024
Military Strategy A Very Short Introduction written by Antulio J. Echevarria II and has been published by Oxford University Press this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2024 with History categories.
Military Strategy: A Very Short Introduction adapts Clausewitz's framework to highlight the dynamic relationship between the main elements of strategy: purpose, method, and means. Drawing on historical examples, Antulio J. Echevarria discusses the major types of military strategy and how emerging technologies are affecting them. This second edition has been updated to include an expanded chapter on manipulation through cyberwarfare and new further reading.
Coercion And The Nature Of Law
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Author : Kenneth Einar Himma
language : en
Publisher: Oxford University Press, USA
Release Date : 2020-05-07
Coercion And The Nature Of Law written by Kenneth Einar Himma and has been published by Oxford University Press, USA this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2020-05-07 with Law categories.
The Coercion Thesis has been a subject of longstanding debate, but legal positivist scholarship over the last several decades has concluded that coercion is not necessary for law. Coercion and the Nature of Law is concerned with reviving the Coercion Thesis, presenting a strong case for the inherently coercive nature of legal regulation, and arguing that anything properly characterized as a legal system must back legal norms prohibiting breaches of the peace with the threat of a coercive sanction. Himma presents the argument that people are self-interested beings who must compete in a world of scarcity for everything they need to survive and thrive. The need to compete for resources naturally leads to conflict that can breach the peace, and threatens the ability to live together in a community and reap the social benefits of cooperation. Law only functions as a system if it can maintain the peace enough for community to continue, and thus systems of law cannot succeed in doing anything that we want systems of law to do unless they back laws prohibiting violent assaults on persons or property with the threat of punishment; without sanctions, we would descend into something resembling a condition of war-of-all-against-all. We adopt coercive systems of regulation precisely to avoid having to live under such conditions. The book is divided into three parts: (1) a prima facie logical-empirical case for the Coercion Thesis, (2) a study of the "society of angels" and international law counterexamples, and why they do not refute the thesis, and (3) an analysis of how law guides behaviour and the implications of the Coercion Thesis on reasons for action. Going against the current conventional wisdom in legal philosophy, Himma makes a systematic defence of the Coercion Thesis arguing that coercion or enforcement mechanisms are not only a necessary feature of legal systems, but a conceptually necessary feature of legal systems.
The Logic Of Internationalism
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Author : Kjell Goldmann
language : en
Publisher: Routledge
Release Date : 2002-11
The Logic Of Internationalism written by Kjell Goldmann and has been published by Routledge this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2002-11 with Political Science categories.
Is internationalism plausible in today's world or must global relations be characterised by tension and war? The author analyses internationalism's coercive and accomodative dimensions and considers practical problems.