Collapse Of The Bronze Age
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1177 B C
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Author : Eric H. Cline
language : en
Publisher: Princeton University Press
Release Date : 2021-02-02
1177 B C written by Eric H. Cline and has been published by Princeton University Press this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2021-02-02 with History categories.
A bold reassessment of what caused the Late Bronze Age collapse In 1177 B.C., marauding groups known only as the "Sea Peoples" invaded Egypt. The pharaoh's army and navy managed to defeat them, but the victory so weakened Egypt that it soon slid into decline, as did most of the surrounding civilizations. After centuries of brilliance, the civilized world of the Bronze Age came to an abrupt and cataclysmic end. Kingdoms fell like dominoes over the course of just a few decades. No more Minoans or Mycenaeans. No more Trojans, Hittites, or Babylonians. The thriving economy and cultures of the late second millennium B.C., which had stretched from Greece to Egypt and Mesopotamia, suddenly ceased to exist, along with writing systems, technology, and monumental architecture. But the Sea Peoples alone could not have caused such widespread breakdown. How did it happen? In this major new account of the causes of this "First Dark Ages," Eric Cline tells the gripping story of how the end was brought about by multiple interconnected failures, ranging from invasion and revolt to earthquakes, drought, and the cutting of international trade routes. Bringing to life the vibrant multicultural world of these great civilizations, he draws a sweeping panorama of the empires and globalized peoples of the Late Bronze Age and shows that it was their very interdependence that hastened their dramatic collapse and ushered in a dark age that lasted centuries. A compelling combination of narrative and the latest scholarship, 1177 B.C. sheds new light on the complex ties that gave rise to, and ultimately destroyed, the flourishing civilizations of the Late Bronze Age—and that set the stage for the emergence of classical Greece.
Collapse Of The Bronze Age
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Author : Manuel Robbins
language : en
Publisher: iUniverse
Release Date : 2001
Collapse Of The Bronze Age written by Manuel Robbins and has been published by iUniverse this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2001 with History categories.
His Majesty being powerful, his heart stout, none could stand before him.. All his territory was ablaze with fire, and he burned every foriegn country with his hot breath. Egyptian Pharaoh Ramesses II. The bowmen of His Majesty spent six hours of destruction among them. They were delivered to the sword. Egyptian Pharaoh Merneptah. May my father know the enemy ships came. My cities were burned and evil things were done in my country. King of the city of Ugarit to the king of Cyprus. Since there is famine in your house we will starve to death...The living soul of your country you will see no longer. To a Hittite offical stationed in Ugarit. Israel is laid waste, his seed is not. Pharaoh Merneptah. Pharaoh's chariots and his army He cast into the Sea...Book of Exodus. Egypt was adrift and every man was thrown out of his right. There was no leader for years..Pharaoh Ramesses IV. As they (the Sea Peoples) were coming forward toward Egypt, their hearts relying upon their hands, a net was prepared for them....My strong arm has overthrown those who came to exalt themselves. Pharaoh Ramesses III. [of the Greeks] These were destroyed by their own hands and passed to the dank house of chill Hades. Greek writer Hesiod. Returning to Luxor, Egypt, by Nile ship. The author has visited many of the significant archaeological sites mentioned in this book. Front cover, top, Troy VI by Lloyd K. Townsend, bottom, Pharaoh Thotmose IV.
The End Of The Bronze Age
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Author : Robert Drews
language : en
Publisher: Princeton University Press
Release Date : 1993
The End Of The Bronze Age written by Robert Drews and has been published by Princeton University Press this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 1993 with History categories.
This text attempts to account for the destruction of key cities in the Mediterranean at the end of the Bronze Age, circa the 12th century BC. The author proposes a military explanation for the destruction of four important kingdoms at this time.
Understanding Collapse
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Author : Guy D. Middleton
language : en
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Release Date : 2017-06-26
Understanding Collapse written by Guy D. Middleton and has been published by Cambridge University Press this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2017-06-26 with History categories.
In this lively survey, Guy D. Middleton critically examines our ideas about collapse - how we explain it and how we have constructed potentially misleading myths around collapses - showing how and why collapse of societies was a much more complex phenomenon than is often admitted.
Bronze Age Collapse
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Author : Amelia Khatri
language : en
Publisher: Publifye AS
Release Date : 2025-02-17
Bronze Age Collapse written by Amelia Khatri and has been published by Publifye AS this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2025-02-17 with History categories.
Bronze Age Collapse explores the interwoven factors leading to the decline of Mediterranean civilizations around 1200 BCE. Rather than attributing the collapse to a single cause, the book investigates the combined impact of environmental stressors like prolonged droughts, disruptions to vital trade networks, and underlying sociopolitical fragility. These societies, including the Mycenaean kingdoms and the Hittite Empire, were complex systems whose vulnerabilities ultimately led to widespread systemic collapse. The book uniquely argues that the convergence of multiple challenges overwhelmed the resilience of even the most powerful kingdoms. Intriguingly, archaeological evidence suggests that climate change played a significant role, impacting agriculture and resource availability. Furthermore, the disruption of trade routes exacerbated existing tensions, contributing to internal conflicts and the breakdown of diplomatic relations. Presenting an analytical and evidence-based approach, the book begins by introducing the key civilizations and their environments before delving into the environmental, economic, and sociopolitical dynamics that contributed to the era's turmoil. By examining settlement patterns, written records, and climate proxies, this book provides a comprehensive view of how interconnected systems can fail. It progresses methodically, first setting the stage and then examining the impact of environmental stressors, trade network disruptions, and sociopolitical dynamics, culminating in a synthesis of these factors to understand societal collapse. This exploration offers valuable insights applicable to contemporary global challenges, highlighting the importance of understanding systemic risks and building more resilient societies.
After Collapse
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Author : Glenn M. Schwartz
language : en
Publisher: University of Arizona Press
Release Date : 2010-08-15
After Collapse written by Glenn M. Schwartz and has been published by University of Arizona Press this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2010-08-15 with Social Science categories.
From the Euphrates Valley to the southern Peruvian Andes, early complex societies have risen and fallen, but in some cases they have also been reborn. Prior archaeological investigation of these societies has focused primarily on emergence and collapse. This is the first book-length work to examine the question of how and why early complex urban societies have reappeared after periods of decentralization and collapse. Ranging widely across the Near East, the Aegean, East Asia, Mesoamerica, and the Andes, these cross-cultural studies expand our understanding of social evolution by examining how societies were transformed during the period of radical change now termed “collapse.” They seek to discover how societal complexity reemerged, how second-generation states formed, and how these re-emergent states resembled or differed from the complex societies that preceded them. The contributors draw on material culture as well as textual and ethnohistoric data to consider such factors as preexistent institutions, structures, and ideologies that are influential in regeneration; economic and political resilience; the role of social mobility, marginal groups, and peripheries; and ethnic change. In addition to presenting a number of theoretical viewpoints, the contributors also propose reasons why regeneration sometimes does not occur after collapse. A concluding contribution by Norman Yoffee provides a critical exegesis of “collapse” and highlights important patterns found in the case histories related to peripheral regions and secondary elites, and to the ideology of statecraft. After Collapse blazes new research trails in both archaeology and the study of social change, demonstrating that the archaeological record often offers more clues to the “dark ages” that precede regeneration than do text-based studies. It opens up a new window on the past by shifting the focus away from the rise and fall of ancient civilizations to their often more telling fall and rise. CONTRIBUTORS Bennet Bronson Arlen F. Chase Diane Z. Chase Christina A. Conlee Lisa Cooper Timothy S. Hare Alan L. Kolata Marilyn A. Masson Gordon F. McEwan Ellen Morris Ian Morris Carlos Peraza Lope Kenny Sims Miriam T. Stark Jill A. Weber Norman Yoffee
The Oxford Handbook Of The Bronze Age Aegean
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Author : Eric H. Cline
language : en
Publisher: Oxford University Press
Release Date : 2012-01-01
The Oxford Handbook Of The Bronze Age Aegean written by Eric H. Cline and has been published by Oxford University Press this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2012-01-01 with History categories.
The Greek Bronze Age, roughly 3000 to 1000 BCE, witnessed the flourishing of the Minoan and Mycenean civilizations, the earliest expansion of trade in the Aegean and wider Mediterranean Sea, the development of artistic techniques in a variety of media, and the evolution of early Greek religious practices and mythology. The period also witnessed a violent conflict in Asia Minor between warring peoples in the region, a conflict commonly believed to be the historical basis for Homer's Trojan War. The Oxford Handbook of the Bronze Age Aegean provides a detailed survey of these fascinating aspects of the period, and many others, in sixty-six newly commissioned articles. Divided into four sections, the handbook begins with Background and Definitions, which contains articles establishing the discipline in its historical, geographical, and chronological settings and in its relation to other disciplines. The second section, Chronology and Geography, contains articles examining the Bronze Age Aegean by chronological period (Early Bronze Age, Middle Bronze Age, Late Bronze Age). Each of the periods are further subdivided geographically, so that individual articles are concerned with Mainland Greece during the Early Bronze Age, Crete during the Early Bronze Age, the Cycladic Islands during the Early Bronze Age, and the same for the Middle Bronze Age, followed by the Late Bronze Age. The third section, Thematic and Specific Topics, includes articles examining thematic topics that cannot be done justice in a strictly chronological/geographical treatment, including religion, state and society, trade, warfare, pottery, writing, and burial customs, as well as specific events, such as the eruption of Santorini and the Trojan War. The fourth section, Specific Sites and Areas, contains articles examining the most important regions and sites in the Bronze Age Aegean, including Mycenae, Tiryns, Pylos, Knossos, Kommos, Rhodes, the northern Aegean, and the Uluburun shipwreck, as well as adjacent areas such as the Levant, Egypt, and the western Mediterranean. Containing new work by an international team of experts, The Oxford Handbook of the Bronze Age Aegean represents the most comprehensive, authoritative, and up-to-date single-volume survey of the field. It will be indispensable for scholars and advanced students alike.
The Collapse Of The Mycenaean Economy
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Author : Sarah C. Murray
language : en
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Release Date : 2017-04-24
The Collapse Of The Mycenaean Economy written by Sarah C. Murray and has been published by Cambridge University Press this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2017-04-24 with Business & Economics categories.
This book provides a comprehensive treatment of change in long-distance exchange systems during this tumultuous time, combining a formidable array of evidence to demonstrate that Greece underwent a serious economic crisis, but one that gave rise to a whole new set of institutions and economic structures.
Warfare In The Ancient World
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Author : Stefan G. Chrissanthos
language : en
Publisher: Bloomsbury Publishing USA
Release Date : 2008-10-30
Warfare In The Ancient World written by Stefan G. Chrissanthos and has been published by Bloomsbury Publishing USA this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2008-10-30 with History categories.
From the clash of bronze weapons on bronze armor to the fall of Rome, war often decided the course of ancient history. This volume is a practical introduction to the study of warfare in the ancient world, beginning with Egypt and Mesopotamia, and tracing the advances made in battle tactics, technology, and government over hundreds of years, culminating with developments in Greece and the Roman Empire. The chronological structure allows the reader to trace certain general themes down through the centuries: how various civilizations waged war; who served in the various armies and why; who the generals and officers were who made the decisions in the field; what type of government controlled these armies; and from what type of society they sprang. Major events and important individuals are discussed in their historical contexts, providing a complete understanding of underlying causes, and enabling readers to follow the evolution of ancient warfare as armies and empires became steadily larger and more sophisticated. Yet as Chrissanthos makes clear, history comes full circle during this period. Rome's collapse in 476 C.E. inaugurated an unforeseen dark age in which great armies were left decimated despite advanced technology that, while proving decisive in the outcome of many critical battles and stand-offs, had vanished amidst the Empire's crumbling walls. In addition to the chronological treatment, Chrissanthos also includes sections on such important topics as chariot warfare, cavalry, naval warfare, elephants in battle, the face of battle, and such vital, but often-overlooked topics as the provisioning of the army with sufficient food and water. Eyewitness accounts are incorporated throughout each chapter, allowing the reader brief glimpses into the life and times of peasants and soldiers, generals and politicians, all of whom were dealing with war and its irreconcilable consequences from differing vantage points. Battle diagrams and maps are carefully placed throughout the text to help the reader visualize particular aspects of ancient warfare. The book also furnishes a detailed timeline and an extensive bibliography containing both modern and ancient sources.