Conditionals Information And Inference
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Conditionals Information And Inference
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Author : Gabriele Kern-Isberner
language : en
Publisher: Springer
Release Date : 2005-05-13
Conditionals Information And Inference written by Gabriele Kern-Isberner and has been published by Springer this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2005-05-13 with Computers categories.
Conditionals are fascinating and versatile objects of knowledge representation. On the one hand, they may express rules in a very general sense, representing, for example, plausible relationships, physical laws, and social norms. On the other hand, as default rules or general implications, they constitute a basic tool for reasoning, even in the presence of uncertainty. In this sense, conditionals are intimately connected both to information and inference. Due to their non-Boolean nature, however, conditionals are not easily dealt with. They are not simply true or false — rather, a conditional “if A then B” provides a context, A, for B to be plausible (or true) and must not be confused with “A entails B” or with the material implication “not A or B.” This ill- trates how conditionals represent information, understood in its strict sense as reduction of uncertainty. To learn that, in the context A, the proposition B is plausible, may reduce uncertainty about B and hence is information. The ab- ity to predict such conditioned propositions is knowledge and as such (earlier) acquired information. The ?rst work on conditional objects dates back to Boole in the 19th c- tury, and the interest in conditionals was revived in the second half of the 20th century, when the emerging Arti?cial Intelligence made claims for appropriate formaltoolstohandle“generalizedrules.”Sincethen,conditionalshavebeenthe topic of countless publications, each emphasizing their relevance for knowledge representation, plausible reasoning, nonmonotonic inference, and belief revision.
Conditionals Information And Inference
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Author : Gabriele Kern-Isberner
language : en
Publisher: Springer
Release Date : 2005-05-13
Conditionals Information And Inference written by Gabriele Kern-Isberner and has been published by Springer this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2005-05-13 with Computers categories.
Conditionals are fascinating and versatile objects of knowledge representation. On the one hand, they may express rules in a very general sense, representing, for example, plausible relationships, physical laws, and social norms. On the other hand, as default rules or general implications, they constitute a basic tool for reasoning, even in the presence of uncertainty. In this sense, conditionals are intimately connected both to information and inference. Due to their non-Boolean nature, however, conditionals are not easily dealt with. They are not simply true or false — rather, a conditional “if A then B” provides a context, A, for B to be plausible (or true) and must not be confused with “A entails B” or with the material implication “not A or B.” This ill- trates how conditionals represent information, understood in its strict sense as reduction of uncertainty. To learn that, in the context A, the proposition B is plausible, may reduce uncertainty about B and hence is information. The ab- ity to predict such conditioned propositions is knowledge and as such (earlier) acquired information. The ?rst work on conditional objects dates back to Boole in the 19th c- tury, and the interest in conditionals was revived in the second half of the 20th century, when the emerging Arti?cial Intelligence made claims for appropriate formaltoolstohandle“generalizedrules.”Sincethen,conditionalshavebeenthe topic of countless publications, each emphasizing their relevance for knowledge representation, plausible reasoning, nonmonotonic inference, and belief revision.
Conditionals Information And Inference
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Author :
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2005
Conditionals Information And Inference written by and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2005 with Computational complexity categories.
Conditionals Information And Inference
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Author : Gabriele Kern-Isberner
language : en
Publisher: Springer Science & Business Media
Release Date : 2005-05-18
Conditionals Information And Inference written by Gabriele Kern-Isberner and has been published by Springer Science & Business Media this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2005-05-18 with Computers categories.
This book constitutes the thoroughly refereed postproceedings of the International Workshop on Conditionals, Information, and Inference, WCII 2002, held in Hagen, Germany in May 2002. The 9 revised full papers presented together with 3 invited papers by leading researchers in the area were carefully selected during iterated rounds of reviewing and improvement. The papers address all current issues of research on conditionals, ranging from foundational, theoretical, and methodological aspects to applications in various contexts of knowledge representation.
The Logic Of Conditionals
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Author : E.W. Adams
language : en
Publisher: Springer Science & Business Media
Release Date : 2013-03-09
The Logic Of Conditionals written by E.W. Adams and has been published by Springer Science & Business Media this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2013-03-09 with Philosophy categories.
Of the four chapters in this book, the first two discuss (albeit in consider ably modified form) matters previously discussed in my papers 'On the Logic of Conditionals' [1] and 'Probability and the Logic of Conditionals' [2], while the last two present essentially new material. Chapter I is relatively informal and roughly parallels the first of the above papers in discussing the basic ideas of a probabilistic approach to the logic of the indicative conditional, according to which these constructions do not have truth values, but they do have probabilities (equal to conditional probabilities), and the appropriate criterion of soundness for inferences involving them is that it should not be possible for all premises of the inference to be probable while the conclusion is improbable. Applying this criterion is shown to have radically different consequences from the orthodox 'material conditional' theory, not only in application to the standard 'fallacies' of the material conditional, but to many forms (e. g. , Contraposition) which have hitherto been regarded as above suspi cion. Many more applications are considered in Chapter I, as well as certain related theoretical matters. The chief of these, which is the most important new topic treated in Chapter I (i. e.
Conditional Reasoning
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Author : Raymond S. Nickerson
language : en
Publisher: Oxford University Press, USA
Release Date : 2015
Conditional Reasoning written by Raymond S. Nickerson and has been published by Oxford University Press, USA this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2015 with Psychology categories.
Conditional reasoning is reasoning that involves statements of the sort If A (Antecedent) then C (Consequent). This type of reasoning is ubiquitous; everyone engages in it. Indeed, the ability to do so may be considered a defining human characteristic. Without this ability, human cognition would be greatly impoverished. "What-if" thinking could not occur. There would be no retrospective efforts to understand history by imagining how it could have taken a different course. Decisions that take possible contingencies into account could not be made; there could be no attempts to influence the future by selecting actions on the basis of their expected effects. Despite the commonness and importance of conditional reasoning and the considerable attention it has received from scholars, it remains the subject of much continuing debate. Unsettled questions, both normative and empirical, continue to be asked. What constitutes normative conditional reasoning? How do people engage in it? Does what people do match what would be expected of a rational agent with the abilities and limitations of human beings? If not, how does it deviate and how might people's ability to engage in it be improved? This book reviews the work of prominent psychologists and philosophers on conditional reasoning. It describes empirical research on how people deal with conditional arguments and on how conditional statements are used and interpreted in everyday communication. It examines philosophical and theoretical treatments of the mental processes that support conditional reasoning. Its extensive coverage of the subject makes it an ideal resource for students, teachers, and researchers with a focus on cognition across disciplines.
Conditionals In Nonmonotonic Reasoning And Belief Revision
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Author : Gabriele Kern-Isberner
language : en
Publisher: Springer
Release Date : 2003-06-29
Conditionals In Nonmonotonic Reasoning And Belief Revision written by Gabriele Kern-Isberner and has been published by Springer this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2003-06-29 with Computers categories.
Conditionals are omnipresent, in everyday life as well as in scientific environments; they represent generic knowledge acquired inductively or learned from books. They tie a flexible and highly interrelated network of connections along which reasoning is possible and which can be applied to different situations. Therefore, conditionals are important, but also quite problematic objects in knowledge representation. This book presents a new approach to conditionals which captures their dynamic, non-proportional nature particularly well by considering conditionals as agents shifting possible worlds in order to establish relationships and beliefs. This understanding of conditionals yields a rich theory which makes complex interactions between conditionals transparent and operational. Moreover,it provides a unifying and enhanced framework for knowledge representation, nonmonotonic reasoning, belief revision,and even for knowledge discovery.
Conditionals
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Author : Renaat Declerck
language : en
Publisher: Walter de Gruyter
Release Date : 2012-08-09
Conditionals written by Renaat Declerck and has been published by Walter de Gruyter this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2012-08-09 with Language Arts & Disciplines categories.
This book is an extremely detailed and comprehensive examination of conditional sentences in English, using many examples from actual language-use. The syntax and semantics of conditionals (including tense and mood options) and the functions of conditionals in discourse are examined in depth, producing an all-round linguistic view of the subject which contains a wealth of original observations and analyses. Not only linguists specializing in grammar but also those interested in pragmatics and the philosophy of language will find this book a rewarding and illuminating source.
Conditional Inference And Logic For Intelligent Systems
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Author : Irwin R. Goodman
language : en
Publisher: North Holland
Release Date : 1991
Conditional Inference And Logic For Intelligent Systems written by Irwin R. Goodman and has been published by North Holland this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 1991 with Business & Economics categories.
This work is concerned with addressing an anomoly involving probability and logic. This includes the interpretation and evaluation of implicative statements in natural language, compatible with conditional probability. One of the chief motivations for investigating this problem has been the need to formalize rigorously the appropriate connections between conditional probabilities and the underlying production rules in expert sytems. This is accomplished through the development of a comprehensive theory of conditional events and an associated logic. The results of this effort should be of prime use in the design and evaluation of inference rules in expert systems, and also, allow for a new expansion of probability to include at the syntactic level the concept of conditioning. The monograph is intended for two audiences: AI researchers who are primarily interested in the management of uncertainty in expert systems, and mathematicians in the fields of probabilistic modeling, logic, and algebra.
Cause And Effect Conditionals Explanations
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Author : Richard L Epstein
language : en
Publisher: Advanced Reasoning Forum
Release Date : 2018-11-05
Cause And Effect Conditionals Explanations written by Richard L Epstein and has been published by Advanced Reasoning Forum this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2018-11-05 with Philosophy categories.
This series of books presents the fundamentals of reasoning well, in a style accessible to both students and scholars. The text of each essay presents a story, the main line of development of the ideas, while the footnotes and appendices place the research within a larger scholarly context. The essays overlap, forming a unified analysis of reasoning, yet each essay is designed so that it may be read independently of the others. The topic of this volume is the evaluation of reasoning about cause and effect, reasoning using conditionals, and reasoning that involves explanations. The essay "Reasoning about Cause and Effect" sets out a way to analyze whether there is cause and effect in terms of whether an inference from a claim describing the purported cause to a claim describing the purported effect satisfies specific conditions. Different notions of cause and effect correspond to placing different conditions on what counts as a good causal inference. An application of that method in "The Directedness of Emotions" leads to a clearer understanding of the issue whether every emotion need be directed at something. In the essay "Conditionals" various ways of analyzing reasoning with claims of the form "if . . . then . . ." are surveyed. Some of those uses are meant to be judged as inferences that are not necessarily valid, and conditions are given for when we can consider such inferences to be good. In "Explanations" verbal answers to a question why a claim is true are evaluated in terms of conditions placed on inferences from the explaining claims to the claim being explained. Recognizing that the direction of inference of such an explanation is the reverse of that for an argument with the very same claims is crucial in their evaluation. Explanations in terms of functions and goals are also investigated.