Control Of Cardiac Output
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Control Of Cardiac Output
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Author : David B. Young
language : en
Publisher: Morgan & Claypool Publishers
Release Date : 2010
Control Of Cardiac Output written by David B. Young and has been published by Morgan & Claypool Publishers this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2010 with Medical categories.
Although cardiac output is measured as the flow of blood from the left ventricle into the aorta, the system that controls cardiac output includes many other components besides the heart itself. The heart's rate of output cannot exceed the rate of venous return to it, and therefore, the factors governing venous return are primarily responsible for control of output from the heart. Venous return is affected by its pressure gradient and resistance to flow throughout the vascular system. The pressure gradient for venous return is a function of several factors including the blood volume flowing through the system, the unstressed vascular volume of the circulatory system, its capacitance, mean systemic pressure, and right atrial pressure. Resistance to venous return is the sum of total vascular resistance from the aortic valve to the right atrium. The sympathetic nervous system and vasoactive circulating hormones affect short-term resistance, whereas local tissue blood flow autoregulatory mechanisms are the dominant determinants of long-term resistance to venous return. The strength of contraction of the heart responds to changes in atrial pressure driven by changes in venous return, with small changes in atrial pressure eliciting large changes in strength of contraction, as described by the Frank-Starling mechanism. In addition, the autonomic nervous system input to the heart alters myocardial pumping ability in response to cardiovascular challenges. The function of the cardiovascular system is strongly affected by the operation of the renal sodium excretion-body fluid volume-arterial pressure negative feedback system that maintains arterial blood pressure at a controlled value over long periods. The intent of this volume is to integrate the basic knowledge of these cardiovascular system components into an understanding of cardiac output regulation. Table of Contents: Introduction / Venous Return / Cardiac Function / Integrated Analysis of Cardiac Output Control / Analysis of Cardiac Output Regulation by Computer Simulation / Analysis of Cardiac Output Control in Response to Challenges / Conclusion / References / Author Biography
Control Of Cardiac Output And Renal Blood Flow
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Author : Jimmy Byrd Langston
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 1959
Control Of Cardiac Output And Renal Blood Flow written by Jimmy Byrd Langston and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 1959 with Cardiac output categories.
Control Of Cardiac Output Studies With Computer Techniques
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Author : William Sanford Topham
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 1965
Control Of Cardiac Output Studies With Computer Techniques written by William Sanford Topham and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 1965 with categories.
Human Physiology Series Physiological Control Of Cardiac Output And Venous Return Parts 1 2
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Author : IDA. MARTINSON
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 1975
Human Physiology Series Physiological Control Of Cardiac Output And Venous Return Parts 1 2 written by IDA. MARTINSON and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 1975 with categories.
Design Studies For Direct Model Reference Adaptive Control Of Cardiac Output And Blood Pressure In A Cardiovascular System Model
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Author : Jeffrey R. Sankey
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 1992
Design Studies For Direct Model Reference Adaptive Control Of Cardiac Output And Blood Pressure In A Cardiovascular System Model written by Jeffrey R. Sankey and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 1992 with categories.
Regulation Of Cardiac Contractility
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Author : R. John Solaro
language : en
Publisher: Morgan & Claypool Publishers
Release Date : 2011
Regulation Of Cardiac Contractility written by R. John Solaro and has been published by Morgan & Claypool Publishers this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2011 with Medical categories.
Contractility describes the relative ability of the heart to eject a stroke volume (SV) at a given prevailing afterload (arterial pressure) and preload (end-diastolic volume; EDV). Various measures of contractility are related to the fraction as the SV/EDV or the ejection fraction, and the dynamics of ejection as determined from maximum pressure rise in the ventricles or arteries or from aortic flow velocities determined by echocardiography. At the cellular level, the ultimate determinant of contractility is the relative tension generation and shortening capability of the molecular motors (myosin cross-bridges) of the sarcomeres as determined by the rates and extent of Ca activation, the turnover kinetics of the cross-bridges, and the relative Ca responsiveness of the sarcomeres. Engagement of the regulatory signaling cascades controlling contractility occurs with occupancy and signal transduction by receptors for neurohumors of the autonomic nervous system as well as growth and stress signaling pathways. Contractility is also determined by the prevailing conditions of pH, temperature, and redox state. Short-term control of contractility is fully expressed during exercise. In long-term responses to stresses on the heart, contractility is modified by cellular remodeling and altered signaling that may compensate for a time but which ultimately may fail, leading to disorders. Table of Contents: Introduction: Contractility and the Integrative Biology of the Myocardium / Control of Contractility Is at the Cellular Level of Organization / Left Ventricular Diastolic and Systolic Pressure, Ejection, and Relaxation Reflect Sarcomeric Mechanical Properties / Integration of Sarcomere Mechanics with Cardiac Function Clarifies the Meaning of Preload, Afterload, and Contractility / Pressure Volume Loops Provide a Quantification of Contractility / Phosphorylations of Regulatory Proteins in Excitation Contraction Coupling Modify Contractility by Controlling Cellular Ca + Fluxes, the Response of the Myofilaments to Ca +, and the Kinetics of the Cross-Bridge Cycle / Contractility May Be Altered by a Variety of Mechanisms Not Involving a Prominent Role for the Autonomic Nervous System / Cardiac Function Curves Provide a Compact Graphical Representation of Regulation of CO and SV / Heart Failure as a Failure of Contractility / References
Peripheral Vs Central Control Of Cardiac Output
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Author : Catherine F. Notarius
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 1995
Peripheral Vs Central Control Of Cardiac Output written by Catherine F. Notarius and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 1995 with categories.
"Neural, humoral and mechanical factors affecting cardiac function and the peripheral vasculature were examined to assess the relative importance of peripheral vs cardiac factors in the control of cardiac output during exercise. First, I examined neural vs local regulation of humoral vasoconstrictors endothelin-1 (ET) and NPY, in anesthetized dogs, and showed that plasma ET levels, in contrast to NPY, increase in response to systemic hypotension but not carotid sinus baroreceptor activation. This did not occur with intact vagi suggesting an interaction of neural and humoral factors. In the next two studies I separated peripheral vascular and cardiac neural influences on cardiac output (CO) and right atrial pressure (Pra) responses during graded exercise by comparing cardiac denervated heart transplant patients (HT) with normally innervated subjects. The increase in Pra was higher in HT than normals but stabilized as the CO increased at peak effort. Stimulation of the heart with dobutamine in 2 patients did not increase exercise capacity, suggesting that peripheral not cardiac factors limit exercise in HT patients. The rise in central venous pressure at exercise onset was similar in both groups which demonstrates the importance of the mechanical effect of muscle contraction vs reflex changes in mobilizing blood from the peripheral vasculature at exercise onset. In the fourth study I assessed whether large changes in human body mass, induced by isolated gastric bypass surgery, would affect the heart rate (HR)/oxygen consumption (VO2) relationship during exercise. Peak absolute VO2 was significantly lower in the previously obese group vs obese and control groups despite similar normalized 24-hour energy expenditure. HR was higher in the previously obese at a given submaximal VO2 due to the higher relative VO2, suggesting a significant loss of muscle mass and supporting the idea that HR is a function of the relative VO2. In the fifth study I assessed the influence of" --
Cardiovascular Responses To Exercise
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Author : Lusha Xiang
language : en
Publisher: Morgan & Claypool Publishers
Release Date : 2012
Cardiovascular Responses To Exercise written by Lusha Xiang and has been published by Morgan & Claypool Publishers this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2012 with Medical categories.
Exercise is the act of increasing metabolic rate for the purpose of enhancing physical fitness. Exercise can be one of the most stressful physiological responses that the body undertakes. With exercise, there are increases in metabolic rate, heart rate, blood flow (hyperemia), respiration, and heat production. The increased metabolic requirement during exercise is well met by an increased blood flow (functional hyperemia) and oxygen supply to the exercising tissue, which is regulated by multiple local and systemic mechanisms. The local mechanisms (factors) are responsible for mediating the muscle homeostasis and vascular conductance to match the increased metabolic requirement, whereas the systemic mechanisms are responsible for the maintenance of blood pressure and global cardiovascular homeostasis, including the increase in and redistribution of cardiac output, which is mainly mediated by sympathetic activation. For instance, the substantial decreases in vascular resistance and resultant large increase in blood flow during exercise require higher blood pressure and more cardiac output, such that the metabolically active muscle can be perfused with adequate blood flow. This book will provide an overview of the cardiovascular responses to exercise under physiological conditions as well as some pathological circumstances. Table of Contents: Capillary Perfusion in Skeletal Muscle During Exercise / Local Control of Arteriolar Diameter and Blood Flow During Exercise / Systemic Control of Cardiovascular Response to Exercise / Cardiovascular Response to Exercise under Pathological Conditions / References / Author Biography
Input Impedance Control Of Cardiac Output
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Author : Francesco P. Peluso
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 1973
Input Impedance Control Of Cardiac Output written by Francesco P. Peluso and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 1973 with categories.
Model Reference Adaptive Control Of Cardiac Output And Blood Pressure Through Two Drug Infusions
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Author : Elisa H. Barney
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 1989
Model Reference Adaptive Control Of Cardiac Output And Blood Pressure Through Two Drug Infusions written by Elisa H. Barney and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 1989 with categories.