Control Of Solar Photovoltaic Phv Power Generation In Grid Connected And Islanded Microgrids
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Control Of Solar Photovoltaic Phv Power Generation In Grid Connected And Islanded Microgrids
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Author : Sarina Adhikari
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2013
Control Of Solar Photovoltaic Phv Power Generation In Grid Connected And Islanded Microgrids written by Sarina Adhikari and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2013 with Electric power distribution categories.
With the ever increasing electricity demand, fast depletion of fossil fuel and the growing trend towards renewable energy resources, the integration of green distributed energy resources (DERs) such as solar photovoltaic (PhV) generation and wind power in the utility grid is gaining high popularity in the present years. The capability of these modular generators needs to be harnessed properly in order to achieve the maximum benefit out of such integrated systems. Most DERs are connected to the utility grid or microgrids with the help of power electronics interface. They are capable of producing both active and reactive power with the proper control of the inverter interface. This dissertation focuses on examination of the capability of the renewable energy based DERs, such as solar PhV array and battery energy storage system (BESS) in providing voltage support in grid connected low-voltage microgrids and both voltage and frequency support in islanded microgrids. In addition, active and reactive (a.k.a. nonactive) power control capability of the PhV generators to supply the local loads assigned by the microgrid central operator in grid connected mode is also investigated. The control methods are developed by using a Proportional and Integral (PI) controller. A new method of Maximum Power Point Tracking (MPPT) of solar array including the MPPT at solar PhV array side and a new control method of transferring this MPP power to the inverter side insuring the DC voltage stability by using the concept of power balance at various conversion stages is proposed and studied. The dissertation also proposes a new coordinated control method for voltage and frequency regulation of microgrid with solar PhV generator operating at MPP and backed up by battery energy storage systems. A coordinated active and reactive power control for solar PhV generator with MPPT control and battery storage is also proposed and investigated. Various case studies are presented to validate the proposed methods. The simulation results clearly prove the effectiveness of the proposed control methods
Advanced Control Schemes For Wind Power Plants And Renewable Energy Based Islanded Microgrids
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Author : Md Nasmus Sakib Khan Shabbir
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2021
Advanced Control Schemes For Wind Power Plants And Renewable Energy Based Islanded Microgrids written by Md Nasmus Sakib Khan Shabbir and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2021 with categories.
Renewable energy sources are increasingly integrated in power grids, creating significant challenges for control and system operation. Among various renewable energy sources, wind power is one of the dominant forms, mainly generated from large-scale transmission-connected wind power plants (WPPs). The grid-connected WPPs are required to follow grid codes to maintain a predefined power factor range under normal operation and supply required reactive power under faulty conditions. To meet grid code requirements, a WPP control architecture is developed in this thesis. The control system consists of a central WPP controller and a local wind turbine generator (WTG) controller, both operate in the voltage control mode. Therefore, the controller can respond faster and is robust to communication failures. Under normal operating conditions, the proposed controller regulates the WPP's operation within its steady-state reactive power capability and meets the power factor limits. Under faulty conditions, the controller forces the WPP to its maximum capability to contribute more reactive power support to the grid. Two mathematical models representing the steady-state and maximum reactive power capability of the WPP are developed through regression and analytic approaches, respectively. In the second part of the thesis, a model predictive control (MPC)-based distributed generation (DG) controller is proposed to regulate the voltage and frequency at the point of common coupling (PCC) in an islanded microgrid. A data-driven input-output Box-Jenkins polynomial predictive model for DG control is developed using the Gauss-Newton-based nonlinear least square method with the prediction optimization focus. The model inputs are direct- and quadrature-axis components of the control signal, and the model outputs are deviations of the voltage and frequency from their nominal values at the PCC. The proposed MPC controller operates using the PCC data and does not require the microgrid's central controllers or DG-to-DG communication networks. It can effectively compensate voltage and frequency deviations at the PCC and ensure proportional reactive power sharing among DGs without a secondary controller and a virtual impedance loop. The integrated Kalman filter in the MPC structure enables a robust controller design when subjected to impedance variations and measurement noises.
A Control Strategy For A Microgrid Integrated With Multiple Solar Pv Units And A Large Scale Battery Energy Storage System
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Author : Hoda Youssef
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2018
A Control Strategy For A Microgrid Integrated With Multiple Solar Pv Units And A Large Scale Battery Energy Storage System written by Hoda Youssef and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2018 with categories.
This thesis presents a control strategy and its algorithms for a microgrid system that can operate in the grid-connected mode, in the islanded mode, and transfer between them. The microgrid includes three Solar-PV units and one large-scale Battery Energy Storage System (BESS). Performance evaluation of the microgrid is carried out in the time domain, using the PSCAD/EMTDC software platform, to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed control strategy. In the grid-connected mode, the three Solar-PV units are controlled to track their Maximum Power Points (MPPs) and the battery State of Charge (SOC) is maintained within a prespecified range. In the islanded mode, the BESS controls the voltage and frequency of the microgrid. The control system is also tested for other transient conditions such as load shedding, Solar-PV loss, temporary faults, reconnection to the utility grid and charge or discharge of the BESS in the case of low or high SOC, respectively.
Energy Management Of Distributed Generation Systems
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Author : Lucian Mihet-Popa
language : en
Publisher: BoD – Books on Demand
Release Date : 2016-07-13
Energy Management Of Distributed Generation Systems written by Lucian Mihet-Popa and has been published by BoD – Books on Demand this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2016-07-13 with Technology & Engineering categories.
The book contains 10 chapters, and it is divided into four sections. The first section includes three chapters, providing an overview of Energy Management of Distributed Systems. It outlines typical concepts, such as Demand-Side Management, Demand Response, Distributed, and Hierarchical Control for Smart Micro-Grids. The second section contains three chapters and presents different control algorithms, software architectures, and simulation tools dedicated to Energy Management Systems. In the third section, the importance and the role of energy storage technology in a Distribution System, describing and comparing different types of energy storage systems, is shown. The fourth section shows how to identify and address potential threats for a Home Energy Management System. Finally, the fifth section discusses about Economical Optimization of Operational Cost for Micro-Grids, pointing out the effect of renewable energy sources, active loads, and energy storage systems on economic operation.
Voltage Current And Fault Control Of A Multi Port Power Converter For A Grid Connected Photovoltaic System
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Author : Thilo Janssen
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2016
Voltage Current And Fault Control Of A Multi Port Power Converter For A Grid Connected Photovoltaic System written by Thilo Janssen and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2016 with Current balances (Electric meters) categories.
New smart power grids apply automatically controlled power systems that require a modernization of existing technologies. Renewable energy systems such as Photovoltaic power plants convert solar energy into electricity. Conventional 60Hz transformers in such systems can be replaced by novel power converter systems, which reduce production costs, size, and improve efficiencies. This thesis presents a power interface for a large scale solar power plant, utilizing an innovative power balance and fault tolerance control to feed electricity reliably and efficiently to the medium voltage 13.8kV utility grid. This interface consists of a multi-port converter configuration which achieves a high power DC-AC conversion. Each port consists of an array of PV solar panels, a multi-level dual active bridge, a neutral point clamped inverter, and a connection circuit to the grid. This combination of ports is arranged for a three phase output. A connection to the grid entails a system level controller, which can be achieved by a voltage and current balancing control, using a nonlinear concept with integrated feedback loops. Autonomous operation requires the establishment of a fault-tolerant control algorithm, attained by a continuously monitored fault detection circuit. A novel multi-port control is proposed to realize a voltage, current and fault control strategy among cascaded ports. This control is verified in Matlab/Simulink; detailed analysis and simulation results are provided.
Examination Of Power Quality Control Within A Cost Based Microgrid Architecture
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Author : Thanigasalam Narashimman Chettiyar
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2013
Examination Of Power Quality Control Within A Cost Based Microgrid Architecture written by Thanigasalam Narashimman Chettiyar and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2013 with Distributed generation of electric power categories.
Microgrids (MGs) are important because of their ability to provide a "greener" solution to obtain reliable, secure and sustainable electricity from renewable sources of energy. As a MG can be islanded (i.e. disconnected from the main grid), the power quality issues observed are very different when compared to the traditional centralized grid. These issues are of significant importance because the reliability of the grid is impacted by the MG operation. Currently, the typical power quality issues such as total harmonic content and transient stability have been studied only for an ideal voltage source of constant magnitude - assumed to be the distributed generator (DG) connected to a grid. However, under practical conditions, a MG might have more than one DG (Example: solar, wind, diesel generators, and CHP, among others) connected to it and some of these DGs would be subject to varying output throughout the day based on changes in intensity of solar radiation, wind speed, and other environmental factors. The current research takes this into account and examines the efficacy of an existing power quality control strategy for a MG consisting of a stochastically modeled renewable energy source i.e. a solar PV array. A Robust Servomechanism Controller in conjunction with a Discrete Sliding Mode Controller is employed to achieve voltage and current regulation in the MG. Stochastic model of a solar PV array along with a supplemental DC voltage source model have been presented in this research. The solar PV array utilizes actual TMY3 irradiance data for Dayton, Ohio. The supplemental DC voltage source is connected in series with the solar PV output and helps to compensate for the intermittent nature of energy produced by the solar PV array. A cost-based approach to connecting and disconnecting the MG from the utility supply whilst ensuring the maximum use of incident solar energy is also presented in this research. The MG model developed in Matlab Simulink® follows the Consortium for Electric Reliability Technology Solutions (CERTS) architecture for modeling MGs. The examination of the efficacy of an existing control strategy in a MG topology capable of making real-time cost-based decisions is expected to help the practical implementation of MGs.
Dynamic Control And Power Management Of Converter Fed Microgrids
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Author : Khun-Hti Charles Sao
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2007
Dynamic Control And Power Management Of Converter Fed Microgrids written by Khun-Hti Charles Sao and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2007 with categories.
The subject of this thesis is modeling and control of voltage source converter (VSC) fed microgrids. These microgrids are powered by modern distributed generators that require VSCs as part of their grid interface circuitry. This thesis develops two supervisory control schemes that allow VSCs with standard inductor interface and the ubiquitous dq-frame current control to operate in both grid connected and islanded modes. Both of these supervisory control schemes are based on a dynamic model of a VSC fed islanded microgrid, which reveals that the microgrid voltage depends on the real power balance between the VSCs and the load while reactive power balance determines the frequency. Thus, both control schemes set the real and reactive power references of the VSCs to regulate the microgrid voltage and frequency respectively. The Voltage-Power Droop/Frequency-Reactive Power Boost (VPD/FQB) control scheme acts as a supervisory control over the dq-frame current control of a VSC. It allows parallel operating VSCs to jointly regulate a common microgrid voltage and frequency. A VPD/FQB controller droops its voltage reference against the VSC real power output for joint regulation of the microgrid voltage and autonomous real power sharing among the VSCs. Similarly, a frequency-reactive power boost characteristic is employed to achieve joint frequency regulation and autonomous reactive power sharing. A systematic method of coordinating the parameters of parallel operating VPD/FQB controllers is also presented to guarantee damping of inter-controller modes and provide instantaneous load sharing. The second supervisory control scheme, called the Voltage-Power/Frequency-Reactive Power Cross Droop (VP/FQ Cross Droop) control scheme, allows a current controlled VSC to share a common load with synchronous generators as well as other VSCs. A VP/FQ Cross Droop controller droops its frequency reference against the VSC real power output and voltage reference against the reactive power output to share a common real and reactive load respectively. Despite its versatility, the VP/FQ Cross Droop control scheme does not replace the VPD/FQB control scheme in purely VSC fed microgrids due to the former's comparatively poorer inter-controller dynamics.
Energy Management Of Smart Grid Connected Hybrid Energy Storage System
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Author : Don Dushan Gamage
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2019
Energy Management Of Smart Grid Connected Hybrid Energy Storage System written by Don Dushan Gamage and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2019 with Energy storage categories.
With the rapidly increasing demand of energy, renewable energy generation becomes increasingly popular due to its clean and sustainable features. Therefore, microgrids are gaining more attention with increased penetration of Renewable Energy Sources (RES). Among all the RESs, the Photovoltaic (PV) technology brings a huge advantage in the power industry. Due to its wide availability, microgrids can be used as independent power source for critical loads; hospitals and military bases during emergency situations such as earthquakes or bad weather, where there is no access to the main grid. Highly improved storage facility can be an option for these critical issues in the energy industry. Although Battery Energy Storage System (BESS) would be an option, its limited cycle life makes it cost ineffective to use only batteries for smoothing out the PV power fluctuations caused by renewable intermittency. In view of this, the combination of battery and Supercapacitor (SC) is one of the popular Hybrid Energy Storage System (HESS) configurations. The SC absorbs all transients and that will increase the life span of the battery. However, an effective Energy Management System (EMS) is required for these HESSs to achieve cost-effective system with high efficiency along with system stability. In this research thesis, among different types of control systems, the fuzzy logic system is considered. First of all, Mamdani type fuzzy inference system is implemented to track the maximum power point of the PV as this is very important in isolated microgrids where there is no backup power from the smart grid. The DC bus power balance can be achieved through the proposed Sugeno type fuzzy controller due to its high efficiency. With the variation of the load demand can be addressed successfully through another Mamdani type Fuzzy Inference System (FIS) to keep the State of Charge (SOC) of the battery and SC within safe range. Furthermore, in grid-connected mode, the new fuzzy logic based PQ controlled Voltage Source Converter (VSC) is implemented with the results. The simulation results are obtained using the MATLAB/Simulink R2017b integrated development environment. At the end of the simulation, these fuzzy logic results are compared with the conventional PI controlled system’s results to prove the proposed system’s efficiency. A new adaptive fuzzy controller is introduced in the later of this research to achieve more cost-effective operation for PQ controlled VSC. This controller will be generated different gains due to the electricity market price variations and current SOC of the HESS. Therefore, active power reference which will be used to exchange power from the grid will be changed due to the system output gain variations. Finally, hardware experiments are carried out for microgrid DC bus voltage regulation to further verify the efficiency of the proposed method. The dSPACE MicroLabBox is used to perform real-time simulation. The dSPACE is capable of communicating with the hardware using the Ethernet protocol. A universal dSPACE experiment software (ControlDesk 6.3) is used as the supervisory controlled and data acquisition platform for the MicroLabBox hardware. SEMIKRON Insulated Gate Bipolar Transistors(IGBTs) and their drivers are used to implement the DC-DC converters. However, hardware results show the proposed system has better characteristics than traditional PI controller based system. Keywords: Hybrid Energy Storage System (HESS), State of Charge (SOC), Energy Management, Fuzzy Logic Controller (FLC), Fuzzy Inference System (FIS).
Power Management Strategies For A Wind Energy Source In An Isolated Microgrid And Grid Connected System
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Author : Devbratta Thakur
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2015
Power Management Strategies For A Wind Energy Source In An Isolated Microgrid And Grid Connected System written by Devbratta Thakur and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2015 with categories.
This thesis focuses on the development of power management control strategies for a direct drive permanent magnet synchronous generator (PMSG) based variable speed wind turbine (VSWT). Two modes of operation have been considered: (1) isolated/islanded mode, and (2) grid-connected mode. In the isolated/islanded mode, the system requires additional energy sources and sinks to counterbalance the intermittent nature of the wind. Thus, battery energy storage and photovoltaic (PV) systems have been integrated with the wind turbine to form a microgrid with hybrid energy sources. For the wind/battery hybrid system, several energy management and control issues have been addressed, such as DC link voltage stability, imbalanced power flow, and constraints of the battery state of charge (SOC). To ensure the integrity of the microgrid, and to increase its flexibility, dump loads and an emergency back-up AC source (can be a diesel generator set) have been used to protect the system against the excessive power production from the wind and PV systems, as well as the intermittent nature of wind source. A coordinated control strategy is proposed for the dump loads and back up AC source. An alternative control strategy is also proposed for a hybrid wind/battery system by eliminating the dedicated battery converter and the dump loads. To protect the battery against overcharging, an integrated control strategy is proposed. In addition, the dual vector voltage control (DVVC) is also developed to tackle the issues associated with unbalanced AC loads. To improve the performance of a DC microgrid consisting wind, battery, and PV, a distributed control strategy using DC link voltage (DLV) based control law is developed. This strategy provides simpler structure, less frequent mode transitions, and effective coordination among different sources without relying on real-time communication. In a grid-connected mode, this DC microgrid is connected to the grid through a single inverter at the point of common coupling (PCC). The generated wind power is only treated as a source at the DC side for the study of both unbalanced and balanced voltage sag issues at a distribution grid network. The proposed strategy consists of: (i) a vector current control with a feed-forward of the negative-sequence voltage (VCCF) to compensate for the negative sequence currents; and (ii) a power compensation factor (PCF) control for the VCCF to maintain the balanced power flow between the system and the grid. A sliding mode control strategy has also been developed to enhance the overall system performance. Appropriate grid code has been considered in this case. All the developed control strategies have been validated via extensive computer simulation with realistic system parameters. Furthermore, to valid developed control strategies in a realistic environment in real-time, a microgrid has been constructed using physical components: a wind turbine simulator (WTS), power electronic converters, simulated grid, sensors, real-time controllers and protection devices. All the control strategies developed in this system have been validated experimentally on this facility. In conclusion, several power management strategies and real-time control issues have been investigated for direct drive permanent magnet synchronous generator (PMSG) based variable speed wind turbine system in an islanded and grid-connected mode. For the islanded mode, the focuses have been on microgrid control. While for the grid-connected mode, main consideration has been on the mitigation of voltage sags at the point of common coupling (PCC).
Regulation And Control Of Ac Microgrid Systems With Renewable Generation And Battery Energy Storage System
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Author : Huiying Zhao
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2018
Regulation And Control Of Ac Microgrid Systems With Renewable Generation And Battery Energy Storage System written by Huiying Zhao and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2018 with Electric machinery categories.
Microgrids can provide significant operational benefits to the connected grid when operating in the grid-connected mode, and energy security to the end users when operating in islanded mode. This research has first developed microgrid dynamic models which consist of multiple facility-scale microgrids with different types of distributed energy resources and are interconnected through the medium-voltage distribution system network. The dynamic models are represented by a set of ordinary differential equations to support analytical studies. The models also consider both conventional and renewable generation resources such as synchronous generators and photovoltaics, as well as battery energy storage systems. For converter interfaced systems, both grid-feeding type and grid-forming type converters are modeled in order to support the microgrid islanded mode of operation. The stability of the microgrid systems in islanded mode is studied through small signal stability and sensitivity analysis. The participation factor study shows that the stability issues are associated with the system impedance loads parameters. Then this thesis presents a novel primary control strategy based on both the linear and nonlinear output regulation theory for voltage and frequency regulations in microgrid systems with fast-response converters. The proposed control strategy can accurately track voltage and frequency set points while mitigating system transients in the presence of disturbance events. Therefore, it overcomes the main shortcomings of the common droop-based control methods such as large steady-state voltage and frequency deviations and poor transient performance. Different control schemes are designed while considering trade-offs between communication requirement and system dynamic performance. Their effectiveness is validated through Matlab SIMULINK simulation studies involving a medium-voltage microgrid with both synchronous generation resources and converters. Although the proposed control schemes are centralized, practical implementation is possible with available communication links in microgrids and embedded hardware technologies.