Cost Of Illness Of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus In Low And Lower Middle Income Countries A Systematic Review
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Cost Of Illness Of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus In Low And Lower Middle Income Countries A Systematic Review
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Author : Afroz Afsana
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2017
Cost Of Illness Of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus In Low And Lower Middle Income Countries A Systematic Review written by Afroz Afsana and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2017 with categories.
Abstract Background: Diabetes is one of the most prevalent and serious non-communicable diseases (NCDs) globally. It is a leading cause of death, disability and economic loss, and it is identified as a major threat to global development. The chronic nature of diabetes and its related complications make it a costly disease. Estimating the total cost of an illness is a useful aid to national and international health policy decision making. Aims: The aim of this systematic review is to summarise the impact of cost-of-illness of type 2 diabetes mellitus in low and lower-middle income countries, and to identify methodological gaps in measuring cost-of-illness of type 2 diabetes mellitus. Method: This systematic review considers studies that reported cost-of-illness of type 2 diabetes in subjects aged 18 years and above in low and lower-middle income countries. The search engines MEDLINE, EMBASE, CINAHL, PSYCINFO and COCHRANE were used until May 2016. Two authors independently identified eligible studies. Costs reported in the included studies were converted to US dollars using the FX currency converter considering the date mentioned in the study.Results: The systematic search identified eight eligible studies conducted in low and lower-middle income countries. There was a considerable variation in the costs and method used in these studies. Estimated average total annual cost ranged from US$198.92 to US$314.15, direct costs ranged from US$106.53 to US$293.79 and indirect costs ranged from US$1.92 to US$73.4 per person per year. One study which included costs associated with complications reported higher annual average cost of US$572.6 per person. Inpatient cost was the major contributor of direct costs followed by drug costs. The cost of consultation, laboratory testing and drug were common between the studies. The magnitude of the cost increased as the number of cost components increased in a study. Studies those limited to fewer categories of cost components are likely to have underestimated actual costs of type 2 diabetes mellitus. All reported direct costs were calculated from a patientu2019s perspective and all indirect costs were measured using a human capital approach. Quality of the studies included in this review were evaluated on a 17 points scale with a median score 8.25. Among the studies only three described the factors of direct cost using multivariable analysis where education, income, number of complications, duration of diabetes, mode of treatment, hospitalization and surgery were found to be associated with direct costs after adjustment for other potential variables. Discussion: Type 2 diabetes mellitus imposes a considerable economic burden which most directly affects the patients in low and lower-middle income countries. This is the first systematic review which appraise the cost-of-illness of type 2 diabetes mellitus in low and lower-middle income countries only. The most notable findings of this review is a wide variation in methodology that has been used to estimate the cost-of-illness and the cost components. The quality of the reviewed studies was fair. The strength of this present study is that it incorporated a systematic search and used the recommended methodology for a review study. A dual review was done with the aim of reducing potential bias in the study selection. As the focus and methodology of the reviewed studies were heterogeneous, we were unable to aggregate data for meta-analysis. There is enormous scopes for adding research based evidence which are methodologically sound to obtain more accurate estimation of cost and to facilitate comparison between studies. Finding of such studies will help public health policymakers for establishing health care priorities and allocating scarce resources for the greatest benefits of the people with type 2 diabetes mellitus.
Socio Economic Impact Of Type Ii Diabetes Mellitus
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Author : Saima Nazir
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2019-04-15
Socio Economic Impact Of Type Ii Diabetes Mellitus written by Saima Nazir and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2019-04-15 with categories.
India will face one of the toughest struggles against diabetes in the region and will be the largest contributor to regional mortality with 9,83,000 deaths attributable to diabetes. Type-II diabetes mellitus (DM) is a major public health problem with more than 471 billion USD spent on healthcare for diabetes. The WHO predicts DM to become the seventh leading cause of death in the world by 2030. An estimated 3.4 million people have died from the consequences of high blood sugar in 2004. Out of all the deaths caused by DM, 80% of them occur in low and middle-income countries. DM is an expensive disease as per capita cost of managing the disease is 2-4 folds higher than the non-diabetics. Treatment costs increase with disease duration, presence of complications, hospitalization and urban settings. Healthcare expenditures on diabetes accounted for 11.6% of the total healthcare expenditure in the world in 2010. By 2030, this amount will exceed USD 490 billion. The direct cost on diabetes healthcare is usually very high for people in developing countries. Present study focuses on studying economic impact of DM in urban and rural field practice area of Sri Siddhartha medical college and examining of the financial coping mechanisms.OBJECTIVES: 1.To estimate the total expenditure incurred by Diabetics and its socio economic impact on their families. 2.To estimate the magnitude of Catastrophic Hospital Expenditure (CHE) due to type-II Diabetes Mellitus. 3. To assess the financial coping mechanisms of households with Type-II Diabetes mellitus.MATERIALS AND METHODS: The cross sectional study was conducted in urban and rural field practice areas of Sri Siddhartha Medical College in Tumkur. 180 study subjects each from urban and rural field practice area were included in the study and systematic random sampling method was used to include the study subjects . RESULTS:Mean total diabetic expenditure was higher among urban study subjects at 778 rupees per month while it was lesser among the rural study subjects which was 285 rupees per month. This was statistically significant. Total monthly indirect diabetic expenditure was higher among urban population (190 rupees ) as compared to rural study subjects who spend around 145 rupees .This was also statistically significant . Catastrophic hospital expenditure was experienced by 27 % of study subjects, higher in urban area (30%) than rural area (24%). Mobilising savings and using cash were the commonest coping up strategies adopted by diabetics. CONCLUSION:Mean total direct cost incurred by diabetic study subjects per month was higher in urban area (778 Rupees) than rural areas( 285 Rupees) .Diabetics from both urban and rural areas spend most on purchase of oral medication (64% and 61% respectively). Mean indirect cost of diabetes per month was higher in urban areas (190 rupees) than in rural area (145 rupees) with major indirect loss coming from loss of wages. Catastrophic hospital spending was experienced more by urban area diabetics (30%) than among rural diabetics (24%). However catastrophic hospital spending increased among hospitalized study subjects from both urban and rural area (84% among urban and 83% among rural areas).
Handbook Of Global Health
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Author : Ilona Kickbusch
language : en
Publisher: Springer
Release Date : 2021-05-11
Handbook Of Global Health written by Ilona Kickbusch and has been published by Springer this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2021-05-11 with Medical categories.
Global health is a rapidly emerging discipline with a transformative potential for public policy and international development. Emphasizing transnational health issues, global health aims to improve health and achieve health equity for all people worldwide. Its multidisciplinary scope includes contributions from many disciplines within and beyond the health sciences, including clinical medicine, public health, social and behavioral sciences, environmental sciences, economics, public policy, law and ethics. This large reference offers up-to-date information and expertise across all aspects of global health and helps readers to achieve a truly multidisciplinary understanding of the topics, trends as well as the clinical, socioeconomic and environmental drivers impacting global health. As a fully comprehensive, state-of-the-art and continuously updated, living reference, the Handbook of Global Health is an important, dynamic resource to provide context for global health clinical care, organizational decision-making, and overall public policy on many levels. Health workers, physicians, economists, environmental and social scientists, trainees and medical students as well as professionals and practitioners will find this handbook of great value.
Disease Control Priorities Third Edition Volume 5
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Author : Dorairaj Prabhakaran
language : en
Publisher: World Bank Publications
Release Date : 2017-11-17
Disease Control Priorities Third Edition Volume 5 written by Dorairaj Prabhakaran and has been published by World Bank Publications this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2017-11-17 with Medical categories.
Cardiovascular, respiratory, and related conditions cause more than 40 percent of all deaths globally, and their substantial burden is rising, particularly in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs). Their burden extends well beyond health effects to include significant economic and societal consequences. Most of these conditions are related, share risk factors, and have common control measures at the clinical, population, and policy levels. Lives can be extended and improved when these diseases are prevented, detected, and managed. This volume summarizes current knowledge and presents evidence-based interventions that are effective, cost-effective, and scalable in LMICs.
Global Status Report On Noncommunicable Diseases 2014
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Author : World Health Organization
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2014
Global Status Report On Noncommunicable Diseases 2014 written by World Health Organization and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2014 with Medical categories.
This global status report on prevention and control of NCDs (2014), is framed around the nine voluntary global targets. The report provides data on the current situation, identifying bottlenecks as well as opportunities and priority actions for attaining the targets. The 2010 baseline estimates on NCD mortality and risk factors are provided so that countries can report on progress, starting in 2015. In addition, the report also provides the latest available estimates on NCD mortality (2012) and risk factors, 2010-2012. All ministries of health need to set national NCD targets and lead the development and implementation of policies and interventions to attain them. There is no single pathway to attain NCD targets that fits all countries, as they are at different points in their progress in the prevention and control of NCDs and at different levels of socioeconomic development. However all countries can benefit from the comprehensive response to attaining the voluntary global targets presented in this report.--Publisher description.
Impact Of Health Insurance In Low And Middle Income Countries
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Author : Maria-Luisa Escobar
language : en
Publisher: Brookings Institution Press
Release Date : 2010
Impact Of Health Insurance In Low And Middle Income Countries written by Maria-Luisa Escobar and has been published by Brookings Institution Press this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2010 with Social Science categories.
Over the past twenty years, many low- and middle-income countries have experimented with health insurance options. While their plans have varied widely in scale and ambition, their goals are the same: to make health services more affordable through the use of public subsidies while also moving care providers partially or fully into competitive markets. Until now, however, we have known little about the actual effects of these dramatic policy changes. Understanding the impact of health insurance-based care is key to the public policy debate of whether to extend insurance to low-income populationsand if so, how to do itor to serve them through other means.
Crossing The Global Quality Chasm
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Author : National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine
language : en
Publisher: National Academies Press
Release Date : 2019-01-27
Crossing The Global Quality Chasm written by National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine and has been published by National Academies Press this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2019-01-27 with Medical categories.
In 2015, building on the advances of the Millennium Development Goals, the United Nations adopted Sustainable Development Goals that include an explicit commitment to achieve universal health coverage by 2030. However, enormous gaps remain between what is achievable in human health and where global health stands today, and progress has been both incomplete and unevenly distributed. In order to meet this goal, a deliberate and comprehensive effort is needed to improve the quality of health care services globally. Crossing the Global Quality Chasm: Improving Health Care Worldwide focuses on one particular shortfall in health care affecting global populations: defects in the quality of care. This study reviews the available evidence on the quality of care worldwide and makes recommendations to improve health care quality globally while expanding access to preventive and therapeutic services, with a focus in low-resource areas. Crossing the Global Quality Chasm emphasizes the organization and delivery of safe and effective care at the patient/provider interface. This study explores issues of access to services and commodities, effectiveness, safety, efficiency, and equity. Focusing on front line service delivery that can directly impact health outcomes for individuals and populations, this book will be an essential guide for key stakeholders, governments, donors, health systems, and others involved in health care.
Disease Control Priorities Third Edition Volume 9
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Author : Dean T. Jamison
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2023-01-18
Disease Control Priorities Third Edition Volume 9 written by Dean T. Jamison and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2023-01-18 with Health & Fitness categories.
Annotation This volume discusses health system policies (including financing global health, quality of care, and strengthening regulatory systems in low- and middle-income countries), as well as the methods and resources used throughout all DCP3 volumes.
Precision Nutrition
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Author : David Heber
language : en
Publisher: Elsevier
Release Date : 2023-10-20
Precision Nutrition written by David Heber and has been published by Elsevier this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2023-10-20 with Technology & Engineering categories.
Precision Nutrition: The Science and Promise of Personalized Nutrition and Health organizes and integrates information on the diverse special areas of scientific expertise involved in Precision Nutrition in order to inform health professionals and inspire researchers to advance this field while applying the general principles into health care and medical research now. Broken into three sections, this book addresses the fundamentals of precision nutrition, applications of precision nutrition in health and disease, and the future directions of precision nutrition. Nutrition scientists, geneticists, physicians, dietitians, postdoctoral fellows, and epidemiologists seeking to understand Precision Nutrition will benefit from this timely reference. . Applies precision nutrition to diet and lifestyle conditions, including heart disease, diabetes and cancer Identifies future aspects of precision nutrition utilizing AI, machine learning and superfast computers Outlines promising areas of research
Obesity And Diabetes
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Author : Joel Faintuch
language : en
Publisher: Springer Nature
Release Date : 2020-12-14
Obesity And Diabetes written by Joel Faintuch and has been published by Springer Nature this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2020-12-14 with Medical categories.
Now in its second edition, this comprehensive handbook provides a state-of-the-art overview of recent advances in drug and non-drug therapies for obesity and diabetes. It also addresses major comorbidities, covering topics such as, cardiovascular diseases, renal and neuropsychiatric disorders, appetite control and micro RNAs. Special attention is also devoted to pediatric care, including the latest recommendations for therapy and prevention. Obesity and type 2 diabetes are among the top global health-care budget concerns worldwide and impact professional practice at all levels: in hospitals, clinics and physicians’ offices alike. They prominently feature in headlines, and virtually no family, community or country is exempt from their protean, deleterious consequences. Furthermore, given the multiple intersections in their pathways, they often go hand in hand. The good news is that scientific advances in all fields, including genomics, metabolomics, lipidomics and microbiomics, are increasing our understanding of these two disease areas. At the same time, artificial intelligence, machine learning, mobile health and advanced implantable and external devices are rendering prevention and management more available, safe and cost-effective. In addition, bariatric and metabolic surgery has evolved from a niche specialty to an officially endorsed option for several modalities of obesity and diabetes. This book presents the latest lifestyle, pharmacological, surgical and non-surgical treatment options, including endoscopic intervention and cell therapy. Objectively reviewing natural and artificial sweeteners and critically examining issues such as public health initiatives, government mandated taxes for unhealthy foods and environmental planning, no stone is left unturned in gathering the latest practical information. As such, the book will appeal to seasoned specialists, as well as students and healthcare professionals in training.