Cryogenic Laboratory Equipment
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Cryogenic Laboratory Equipment
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Author : A. J. Croft
language : en
Publisher: Springer Science & Business Media
Release Date : 2013-06-29
Cryogenic Laboratory Equipment written by A. J. Croft and has been published by Springer Science & Business Media this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2013-06-29 with Science categories.
This book is meant for laboratory workers who for one reason or another have a need to cool something down to temperatures below that of liquid nitrogen - notably to 4. 2°K and below. It does not deal with experimental techniques at low temperatures, but I have tried to bring the reader face to face with the brutishrealities of the necessary hardware. As weIl as giving information about sources of supply of equipment, I have gone into so me detail about how some of it can be made in laboratory workshops for the sake of those who are short of money but blessed with competent technical support. So far as highly specialized items such as liquefiers, refrigerators, refrigerant containers, cryostat dewars, etc. , are concerned, I have included aIl sources of supply which I have got to he ar of; in the case of more generaIly available equipment only representative sources of known reliability have been quoted. Any omissions or errors must be put down either to my own ignorance, stupidity, or lack of will toget about the world, or perhaps to the difficulty I have had in extracting information from manufacturers. However, most have gone to great trouble to help, and I hope I have done them justice. Brought up to work indifferently in inches and centimetres and perched between the opposing puIls of the USA and Europe, I have used a mixture of units which may shock the purist.
Cryogenic Safety
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Author : Thomas J. Peterson
language : en
Publisher: Springer
Release Date : 2019-04-26
Cryogenic Safety written by Thomas J. Peterson and has been published by Springer this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2019-04-26 with Science categories.
This book describes the current state of the art in cryogenic safety best practice, helping the reader to work with cryogenic systems and materials safely. It brings together information from previous texts, industrial and laboratory safety polices, and recent research papers. Case studies, example problems, and an extensive list of references are included to add to the utility of the text. It describes the unique safety hazards posed by cryogenics in all its guises, including issues associated with the extreme cold of cryogenics, the flammability of some cryogenic fluids, the displacement of oxygen by inert gases boiling off from cryogenic fluids, and the high pressures that can be formed during the volume expansion that occurs when a cryogenic fluid becomes a room temperature gas. A further chapter considers the challenges arising from the behavior of materials at cryogenic temperatures. Many materials are inappropriate for use in cryogenics and can fail, resulting in hazardous conditions. Despite these hazards, work at cryogenic temperatures can be performed safely. The book also discusses broader safety issues such as hazard analysis, establishment of a safe work culture and lessons learned from cryogenic safety in accelerator labs. This book is designed to be useful to everyone affected by cryogenic hazards regardless of their expertise in cryogenics.
Cryogenic Safety
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Author : Thomas J. Peterson
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2019
Cryogenic Safety written by Thomas J. Peterson and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2019 with Low temperature engineering categories.
This book describes the current state of the art in cryogenic safety best practice, helping the reader to work with cryogenic systems and materials safely. It brings together information from previous texts, industrial and laboratory safety polices, and recent research papers. Case studies, example problems, and an extensive list of references are included to add to the utility of the text. It describes the unique safety hazards posed by cryogenics in all its guises, including issues associated with the extreme cold of cryogenics, the flammability of some cryogenic fluids, the displacement of oxygen by inert gases boiling off from cryogenic fluids, and the high pressures that can be formed during the volume expansion that occurs when a cryogenic fluid becomes a room temperature gas. A further chapter considers the challenges arising from the behavior of materials at cryogenic temperatures. Many materials are inappropriate for use in cryogenics and can fail, resulting in hazardous conditions. Despite these hazards, work at cryogenic temperatures can be performed safely. The book also discusses broader safety issues such as hazard analysis, establishment of a safe work culture and lessons learned from cryogenic safety in accelerator labs. This book is designed to be useful to everyone affected by cryogenic hazards regardless of their expertise in cryogenics.
Practical Cryogenics
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Author : Nicholas Howard Balshaw
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 1996
Practical Cryogenics written by Nicholas Howard Balshaw and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 1996 with Low temperature engineering categories.
Cryogenic Engineering
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Author : Klaus D. Timmerhaus
language : en
Publisher: Springer Science & Business Media
Release Date : 2007-11-12
Cryogenic Engineering written by Klaus D. Timmerhaus and has been published by Springer Science & Business Media this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2007-11-12 with Science categories.
This is a benchmark reference work on Cryogenic Engineering which chronicles the major developments in the field. Starting with an historical background, this book reviews the development of data resources now available for cryogenic fields and properties of materials. It presents the latest changes in cryopreservation and the advances over the past 50 years. The book also highlights an exceptional reference listing to provide referral to more details.
Advances In Cryogenic Engineering
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Author : K. Timmerhaus
language : en
Publisher: Springer Science & Business Media
Release Date : 2012-12-06
Advances In Cryogenic Engineering written by K. Timmerhaus and has been published by Springer Science & Business Media this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2012-12-06 with Science categories.
In late 1877, Louis Cailletete in France and Raoul Pictet in Switzerland independently succeeded in liquefying oxygen, thereby proving a hypothesis set forth by Antoine Lavoisier nearly 100 years earlier. The theme of the 1977 Cryogenic Engineering Conference "Cryogenics: A Century of Progress-A Chal lenge for the Future" properly commemorated this accomplishment by reviewing some of the noteworthy advances since that time and outlining many advances still to come. Both Volumes 23 and 24 of this series provide a good account of the many contributions that were presented at this conference. The 1977 Cryogenic Engineering Conference was appropriately again held in Boulder, Colorado where the first Cryogenic Engineering Conference was initiated 23 years ago by the late Russell B. Scott, then Chief of the Cryogenic Engineering Laboratory of the National Bureau of Standards. The Cryogenic Engineering Conference Board is extremely grateful to members of the National Bureau of Standards and the University of Colorado for serving as hosts for this meeting of cryogenic specialists from all over the world. The Cryogenic Engineering Conference is again pleased to have had the International Cryogenic Materials Conference co-host this biennial meeting for the second time in succession. This joint effort again has permitted an in-depth coverage of research on technical materials in areas currently receiving primary attention by the cryogenic engineering community. The Proceedings of the Inter national Cryogenic Materials Conference will be published as Volume 24 of the Advances in Cryogenic Engineering.
The Laboratory Companion
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Author : Gary S. Coyne
language : en
Publisher: Wiley-Interscience
Release Date : 2006
The Laboratory Companion written by Gary S. Coyne and has been published by Wiley-Interscience this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2006 with Science categories.
"An updated version of the critically acclaimed Laboratory Handbook, this guide to laboratory materials, equipment, and techniques is an important resource for students as well as veteran scientists and lab technicians. From vacuum technology and glass vacuum systems to volumetric glassware, gas-oxygen torches, and cryogenic tanks, The Laboratory Companion provides complete coverage of all commonly used lab equipment, including essential information about its selection, use, cleaning, and maintenance. It clearly explains the historical development and rationale behind how and why things are done in the lab, and includes helpful guidelines and step-by-step procedures for each topic discussed"--back cover.
Advances In Cryogenic Engineering
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Author : K. D. Timmerhaus
language : en
Publisher: Springer Science & Business Media
Release Date : 2013-03-09
Advances In Cryogenic Engineering written by K. D. Timmerhaus and has been published by Springer Science & Business Media this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2013-03-09 with Science categories.
The National Bureau of Standards Boulder Laboratories was on September 5-7, 1956 again host to a national conference on cryogenic engineering. Supported financially by many of the leading industrial firms currently active in this rapidly expanding field, the conference, second of its kind, attracted more than 400 scientists and engineers from all parts of the world. This attendance was evidence of the present interest and growth in cryogenic engineering, a field which has as yet not found a satisfactory place within the bounds of existing professional societies. In all but two cases the Proceedings contain the summary or entire text of the paper presented at the confer ence. Forty-nine papers were presented at seven separate sessions. These sessions were divided into the following general topics: Cryogenic Processes Cryogenic Equipment Cryogenic Properties Cryogenic Applications Bubble Chambers The division in some cases had to be somewhat arbitrary since several papers could have been classified under more than one general topic. To make the Proceedings more valuable to the reader, an attempt was made to record the general discussion which followed each paper. Unfortunately, however, the recording devices were not sensitive enough for clear reproduction. The discussions, therefore, have not been included in the Proceed ings.
Advances In Cryogenic Engineering
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Author : K. D. Timmerhaus
language : en
Publisher: Springer Science & Business Media
Release Date : 2013-03-08
Advances In Cryogenic Engineering written by K. D. Timmerhaus and has been published by Springer Science & Business Media this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2013-03-08 with Science categories.
More than sixty years have elapsed since Linde first liquefied air on a commercial scale and prepared the way for separating of other gaseous mixtures. His work, however, was not of an isolated nature. It was conceived eighteen years after air had, for the first time, been liquefied in the laboratory by Pictet in Geneva and Caillete in Paris. Linde's liquefaction of air was followed by Dewar's work on hydrogen liquefaction in London and by the setting up at Leiden of Kamerlingh Onnes's famous low temperature laboratory. These advances in low temperature or cryogenic technology have resulted in the establishment of a completely new and thriving industry. Cryogenic engineering is concerned with developing and improving low temperature processes, techniques, and equipment; determining the physical properties of structural and related materials used in producing, maintaining, and using low temperatures; and the practical application of low temperature techniques and processes. These low tempera tures are below those usually encountered in refrigerating engineering. It is rather difficult to assign a definite temperature which serves to divide refrigerating engineering from cryogenic engineering. A temperature below _lSOoC, however, is generally associated with cryogenic engineering.
Safety In The Handling Of Cryogenic Fluids
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Author : Frederick J. Edeskuty
language : en
Publisher: Springer Science & Business Media
Release Date : 2013-11-22
Safety In The Handling Of Cryogenic Fluids written by Frederick J. Edeskuty and has been published by Springer Science & Business Media this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2013-11-22 with Science categories.
The importance of safety in any scientific endeavor is never in question. However, when cryogenic temperatures are involved, safety is especially important. In addition to observing the normal precautions, one must also take into account the variations of physical properties that occur at low temperatures. At these tempera tures, some properties not only exhibit large differences from their normal values but also can vary widely over a small temperature range. Before any cryogenic project is started, a thorough knowledge of the possible hazards is necessary. Only in this way can the safest operation be attained. Over the hundred-year history of cryogenic research, this has been shown to be the case. Keeping this requirement in mind is an essential ingredient in the quest for accident-free work. The past four or five decades have seen a great expansion of cryogenic technology. Cryogenic liquids, such as oxygen, nitrogen, hydrogen, and helium, have become commonly used in a number of different applications and are easily available in any part of the United States and, indeed, almost anywhere in the world. Not only are these liquids available, they have become less expensive and also available in ever larger quantities. As quantities increase, so also do the conse quences of mishaps. The future seems to hold promise of ever larger and more widespread use of the common cryogens. Thus, the importance of safety also increases as time progresses.