Crystalline Polymer And 3d Ceramic Polymer Electrolytes For Li Ion Batteries
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Crystalline Polymer And 3d Ceramic Polymer Electrolytes For Li Ion Batteries
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Author : Aleksandra K. Hekselman
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2014
Crystalline Polymer And 3d Ceramic Polymer Electrolytes For Li Ion Batteries written by Aleksandra K. Hekselman and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2014 with Crystalline polymers categories.
Ion Conduction In Crystalline Polymer Electrolytes For Lithium Ion Batteries
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Author : Shankar Ram Chithur Viswanathan
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2021
Ion Conduction In Crystalline Polymer Electrolytes For Lithium Ion Batteries written by Shankar Ram Chithur Viswanathan and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2021 with categories.
Polyethylene oxide (PEO) based Solid Polymer Electrolytes (SPEs) are safe and efficient alternatives to liquid/gel-based electrolytes. In addition to improving safety and design flexibility, SPEs could allow the use of lithium metal anode which can theoretically improve energy density 10-folds than commercially used lithium graphite anode. However, SPEs suffer from low Li+ ion conductivity. In most SPEs, the conductivity is linked to PEO segmental motion. Attempts to increase polymer dynamics reduce the mechanical strength of SPEs. Thus, it is necessary to decouple conductivity from the mechanical strength of the polymer. Conduction through the crystalline domain was never considered possible until the discovery of a PEO/salt co-crystal [PEO6], which was found to be more conductive than its amorphous counterpart. In PEO6 [the crystal structure co-crystallizes 6 PEO ether oxygens to one Li-anion pair], two PEO chains fold around Li+ in a non-helical fashion forming an approximate cylindrical "tunnel" with lithium atoms distributed along the cylinder central axis. Each lithium atom coordinates five ether oxygens; the anions are outside the tunnel and there is no direct bonding between the anions and the Li+. Due to its unique tunnel-like structure, PEO6 conducts Li+ based on a mechanism that decouples the conductivity and segmental motion of the polymer. However, these polymer electrolytes have not been used for battery applications because these studies used low molecular weight PEO (1000 g/mol) to achieve high crystallinity of the PEO6 phase. At this low molecular weight, the polymer does not confer the high modulus required. In SPEs with high molecular weight PEO, conduction through PEO6 is unfavorable as the tunnels fold to form lamellar structures and increase the conduction pathway. In this study, we explore conduction in high molecular weight [600000 g/mol] crystalline polymer electrolytes at EO: Li = 6:1. At this molecular weight, although four lithium salts [LiPF6, LiAsF6, LiSbF6, and LiClO4] can form PEO6, we focus our study on PEO6-LiClO4, which displays the highest conductivity than with other salt complexes. But this conductivity of PEO6LiClO4 drops by an order of magnitude after 2 months of thermal annealing. This is also accompanied by the changes in the XRD pattern which is uncharacteristic of any phases of PEO-LiClO4. Thus to explain this change, we explore the possibility of defects like vacancy, extra salt, and interstitial lithium in PEO6. In addition to being enthalpically stable, these defects also display the peculiar peaks of long-time annealed samples. While the change in the XRD pattern of a long-time annealed PEO6 can be explained by a combination of defects, based on their relative stability, it is more likely to be due to the "trapped" PEO6 structure. In this structure, in contrast to PEO6 where lithium atoms are at the center of the tunnel, one of the Li+ is "trapped" in the periphery of the tunnel coordinating with four ether oxygens and one anion, distorting the PEO6 tunnel. Because this crystal transformation is detrimental to conduction in PEO6, we use a percolated network of high aspect ratio fillers (cellulose nanowhiskers) to stabilize PEO6 tunnels over long distances. The patterned arrangement of the --OH surface group, which has a Lewis acidic character allows it to interact with either the anions or ether oxygen on the PEO chain. In addition, the distance between primary alcohol groups on the cellulose surface along the axial direction closely matches with the lattice parameter of PEO6 along the tunnel direction. This results in a low energy penalty [0.08 eV] for constraining PEO6 on the surface of the whisker, making it a suitable nucleation agent for PEO6LiClO4. Although these patterned cellulose nanowhiskers do stabilize PEO6 tunnels resulting in no change in XRD pattern even after a year of annealing, the room temperature conductivity (6 x10-6 S/cm) is still below the target value (10-3 S/cm). To improve the conductivity further, we draw inspiration from crystalline ceramic conductors, which have utilized doping [adding or substituting a small percentage of impurities to the host material] strategies to increase conductivity. By replacing 0.5-10% LiClO4 with NaClO4 in PEO6LiClO4, we demonstrate an order of magnitude increase in room temperature conductivity with the highest effect at 1% doping. This increase is not correlated with the glass transition temperature. Up to 1%, doping disrupts PEO6 crystallization. Above 1 %, diffraction peaks arise between 10-15o which cannot be due to PEO6 but resemble another polymer salt co-crystal, PEO3. A stable structure for PEO6 with NaClO4 is determined computationally, whereas only structures for PEO3 and PEO8 have been observed experimentally. Due to doping, larger sodium cations could either be accommodated into PEO6 or could end up not being part of the PEO6 lattice, resulting in a vacancy in PEO6. From DFT calculations, we determine that it is 0.92 eV more energetically favorable to swap sodium with lithium in PEO6 than to form PEO6 with vacancy. We conclude the increase in conductivity to be a consequence of weaker coordination of sodium to ether oxygen which increases the "bottleneck" size for conduction. In the sodium doping study, the presence of PEO3 peaks in XRD was correlated with increase an increase in conductivity. This is contrary to the popular belief that PEO3 is non-conductive. In contrast to PEO6, in PEO3, only one chain wraps around the Li+ in a helical fashion resulting in three-fold coordination of ether oxygen and two-fold coordination of anions. Due to tighter coordination of the lithium atoms with the neighboring anions, and lack of uncoordinated neighboring sites in PEO3, the activation energy for lithium hop as reported in PEO3LiCF3SO3 was found to be high [~1 eV]1-2, resulting in low ionic conductivity. If this gridlock is reduced by creating more vacancies, lithium atoms in PEO3 could become more mobile. To test this hypothesis, we create vacancies in PEO3 by reducing the concentration of LiClO4 from EO: Li = 3:1. We observe several orders of improvement in conductivity with a 20% reduction in salt concentration from EO: Li = 3:1, with no change in crystal structure or crystallinity up to 30% concentration deviation. Surprisingly, this change in conduction is accompanied by an increase in activation energy, indicating a change in the mechanism of conduction. To explain this change, we use DFT to find the activation energy for several conduction pathways in PEO3 including lithium diffusion: along the strand, across the strand, into a vacancy, and anion diffusion. In contrast to the previously held view that PEO3 has activation energy [~1eV], we conclude that the activation energy of PEO3LiClO4 can vary from 0.42- 1.3 eV depending on the conduction pathway. Thus, using both experiments and simulations we demonstrate the potential of crystalline polymer electrolytes and develop tools to understand the conduction mechanism in them. Although we did not reach the target conductivity, the findings from this work are important to design fast conduction solid polymer electrolytes.
Crystalline Polymer And Small Molecule Electrolytes
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Author : David Andrew Ainsworth
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2010
Crystalline Polymer And Small Molecule Electrolytes written by David Andrew Ainsworth and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2010 with Crystalline polymers categories.
Polymer And Ceramic Electrolytes For Energy Storage Devices Two Volume Set
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Author : Prasanth Raghavan
language : en
Publisher: CRC Press
Release Date : 2021-04-08
Polymer And Ceramic Electrolytes For Energy Storage Devices Two Volume Set written by Prasanth Raghavan and has been published by CRC Press this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2021-04-08 with Technology & Engineering categories.
Polymer and Ceramic Electrolytes for Energy Storage Devices features two volumes that focus on the most recent technological and scientific accomplishments in polymer, ceramic, and specialty electrolytes and their applications in lithium-ion batteries. These volumes cover the fundamentals in a logical and clear manner for students, as well as researchers from different disciplines, to follow. The set includes the following volumes: Polymer Electrolytes for Energy Storage Devices, Volume I, offers a detailed explanation of recent progress and challenges in polymer electrolyte research for energy storage devices. Ceramic and Specialty Electrolytes for Energy Storage Devices, Volume II, investigates recent progress and challenges in a wide range of ceramic solid and quasi-solid electrolytes and specialty electrolytes for energy storage devices. These volumes will be invaluable to researchers and engineers working on the development of next-generation energy storage devices, including materials and chemical engineers, as well as those involved in related disciplines.
Surface Modification And Functionalization Of Ceramic Composites
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Author : Rajan Jose
language : en
Publisher: Elsevier
Release Date : 2023-03-23
Surface Modification And Functionalization Of Ceramic Composites written by Rajan Jose and has been published by Elsevier this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2023-03-23 with Technology & Engineering categories.
Surface Modification and Functionalization of Ceramic Composites is intended for both experts and beginners, allowing them to have an extended overview of recent progress in the evolution of surface modification methods and functionalization for ceramic composites. The book provides a detailed summary of the various techniques that are currently available, along with an evaluation of the costs involved. Information on the relationship between surface properties and function is also discussed. There is also an additional section on commercial and industrial applications, including biomedical, sensing and energy. The book will be a valuable reference resource for researchers and an instructive and stimulating text for postgraduate students who want to enhance their knowledge on novel materials and surface modification and functionalization of ceramic composites. Extensively covers surface modification and functionalization of ceramic composites A detailed review of the various techniques currently available and an evaluation of costs Covers recent advances and a broad range of different industrial applications
Polymer Electrolytes
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Author : César Sequeira
language : en
Publisher: Woodhead Publishing
Release Date : 2010-08-30
Polymer Electrolytes written by César Sequeira and has been published by Woodhead Publishing this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2010-08-30 with Technology & Engineering categories.
Polymer electrolytes are electrolytic materials that are widely used in batteries, fuel cells and other applications such as supercapacitors, photoelectrochemical and electrochromic devices. Polymer electrolytes: Fundamentals and applications provides an important review of this class of ionic conductors, their properties and applications. Part one reviews the various types of polymer electrolyte compounds, with chapters on ceramic polymer electrolytes, natural polymer-based polymer electrolytes, composite polymer electrolytes, lithium-doped hybrid polymer electrolytes, hybrid inorganic-organic polymer electrolytes. There are also chapters on ways of characterising and modelling polymer electrolytes. Part two discusses applications such as solar cells, supercapacitors, electrochromic and electrochemical devices, fuel cells and batteries. With its distinguished editors and international team of contributors, Polymer electrolytes: Fundamentals and applications is a standard reference for all those researching and using polymer electrolytes in such areas as battery and fuel cell technology for automotive and other applications.
Ceramic And Specialty Electrolytes For Energy Storage Devices
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Author : Prasanth Raghavan
language : en
Publisher: CRC Press
Release Date : 2021-04-04
Ceramic And Specialty Electrolytes For Energy Storage Devices written by Prasanth Raghavan and has been published by CRC Press this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2021-04-04 with Science categories.
• Offers a detailed outlook on the performance requirements and ion transportation mechanism in solid polymer electrolytes • Covers solid-state electrolytes based on oxides (perovskite, anti-perovskite) and sulfide-type ion conductor electrolytes for lithium-ion batteries followed by solid-state electrolytes based on NASICON and garnet-type ionic conductors • Discusses electrolytes employed for high-temperature lithium-ion batteries, low-temperature lithium-ion batteries, and magnesium-ion batteries • Describes sodium-ion batteries, transparent electrolytes for energy storage devices, non-platinum-based cathode electrocatalyst for direct methanol fuel cells, non-platinum-based anode electrocatalyst for direct methanol fuel cells, and ionic liquid-based electrolytes for supercapacitor applications • Suitable for readers with experience in batteries as well as newcomers to the field
Functional Polymers For Metal Ion Batteries
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Author : Shanqing Zhang
language : en
Publisher: John Wiley & Sons
Release Date : 2023-05-22
Functional Polymers For Metal Ion Batteries written by Shanqing Zhang and has been published by John Wiley & Sons this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2023-05-22 with Technology & Engineering categories.
Functional Polymers for Metal-Ion Batteries Unique and useful book covering fundamental knowledge and practical applications of polymer materials in energy storage systems In Functional Polymers for Metal-Ion Batteries, the recent development and achievements of polymer-based materials are comprehensively analyzed in four directions, including electrode materials, binders, separators, and solid electrolytes, highlighting the working mechanisms, classification, design strategies, and practical applications of these polymer materials in mental-ion batteries. Specific sample topics covered in Functional Polymers for Metal-Ion Batteries include: Prominent advantages of various solid-state electrolytes, such as low flammability, easy processability, more tolerance to vibration, shock, and mechanical deformation Why and how functional polymers present opportunities to maximize energy density and pursue the sustainability of the battery industry How the application of functional polymers in metal-ion batteries helps enhance the high energy density of energy storage devices and reduce carbon footprint during production How development of functional separators could significantly lower the cost of battery manufacturing Providing a comprehensive understanding of the role of polymers in the whole configuration of metal-ion batteries from electrodes to electrolytes, Functional Polymers for Metal-Ion Batteries is an ideal resource for materials scientists, electrochemists, and polymer, solid state, and physical chemists who wish to understand the latest developments of this technology.
Electrospinning For Advanced Energy Storage Applications
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Author : Neethu T. M. Balakrishnan
language : en
Publisher: Springer Nature
Release Date : 2021-02-15
Electrospinning For Advanced Energy Storage Applications written by Neethu T. M. Balakrishnan and has been published by Springer Nature this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2021-02-15 with Technology & Engineering categories.
This book provides a consolidated description of the process of electro-spinning and detailed properties and applications of electro-spun electrodes and electrolytes in energy storage devices. It discusses the preparation, structure and electrochemical properties of nanofiber electrode and electrolyte materials. It focuses exclusively on Lithium Ion batteries, with the contents discussing different aspects of electrospinning in storage systems. This book aims to provide a comprehensive resource to help researchers choose the best electrodes and electrolyte materials based on the properties required for their desired commercial applications. It will be a useful guide to graduate students and researchers working in solid-state chemistry, physics, materials chemistry, and chemical engineering on aspects of energy storage.
Green Energy Materials Handbook
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Author : Ming-Fa Lin
language : en
Publisher: CRC Press
Release Date : 2019-06-18
Green Energy Materials Handbook written by Ming-Fa Lin and has been published by CRC Press this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2019-06-18 with Science categories.
Green Energy Materials Handbook gives a systematic review of the development of reliable, low-cost, and high-performance green energy materials, covering mainstream computational and experimental studies as well as comprehensive literature on green energy materials, computational methods, experimental fabrication and characterization techniques, and recent progress in the field. This work presents complete experimental measurements and computational results as well as potential applications. Among green technologies, electrochemical and energy storage technologies are considered as the most practicable, environmentally friendly, and workable to make full use of renewable energy sources. This text includes 11 chapters on the field, devoted to 4 important topical areas: computational material design, energy conversion, ion transport, and electrode materials. This handbook is aimed at engineers, researchers, and those who work in the fields of materials science, chemistry, and physics. The systematic studies proposed in this book can greatly promote the basic and applied sciences.