Cyber Attacks Attribution And Deterrence
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Cyber Attacks Attribution And Deterrence
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Author : U. S. Military
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2017-02-18
Cyber Attacks Attribution And Deterrence written by U. S. Military and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2017-02-18 with categories.
The purpose of this monograph is to examine the role of a defender's ability to attribute a cyber attack and its effect on deterrence. Conflict in cyberspace is constantly evolving and deterrence might provide stability and understanding of these conflicts. Because of the speed at which cyber attacks can occur and the rate at which they can spread, it is important to understand how countries using cyber weapons frame the problem. The method used in this paper is controlled comparison of three different cyber attacks: the 2007 attacks on Estonia, the Stuxnet attack on Iran, and the LulzSec attacks multiple targets in 2011. These three events bore the similarity that defenders could not immediately attribute the attack to an actor. This attribution problem influenced how the defenders responded to the problem. Upon further research, however, it became apparent that attribution was not the defenders' biggest problem in two of the three cases. Attribution may not always be immediately available through technical means, but eventually defenders had enough information on which to act. At this point, other problems arose, like escalating a cyber conflict with a far more powerful neighbor or determining how to respond without a cyber capability of one's own. These cases demonstrate attribution is a necessary but not sufficient cause for responding to a cyber attack and that defenders have many response options available, from technical defense of their networks to escalation of the conflict to kinetic military strikes. Additionally, cyber deterrence does not require the high levels of attribution that some theorists argue. Instead, a counterattack can rely on a lower level of attribution because the target is typically a known adversary and because the results from a cyber attack are generally much lower than the effects from a kinetic attack. Thus, because of the need for a state to respond to cyber attacks in kind and the lower attribution requirements, an offensive cyber capability is both necessary and useful.
The Cyber Deterrence Problem
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Author : Aaron F. Brantly
language : en
Publisher: Rowman & Littlefield
Release Date : 2020-06-15
The Cyber Deterrence Problem written by Aaron F. Brantly and has been published by Rowman & Littlefield this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2020-06-15 with Political Science categories.
The national security of the United States depends on a secure, reliable and resilient cyberspace. The inclusion of digital systems into every aspect of US national security has been underway since World War II and has increased with the proliferation of Internet-enabled devices. There is an increasing need to develop a robust deterrence framework within which the United States and its allies can dissuade would-be adversaries from engaging in various cyber activities. Yet despite a desire to deter adversaries, the problems associated with dissuasion remain complex, multifaceted, poorly understood and imprecisely specified. Challenges, including credibility, attribution, escalation and conflict management, remain ever-present and challenge the United States in its efforts to foster security in cyberspace. These challenges need to be addressed in a deliberate and multidisciplinary approach that combines political and technical realities to provide a robust set of policy options to decision makers. The Cyber Deterrence Problem brings together a multidisciplinary team of scholars with expertise in computer science, deterrence theory, cognitive psychology, intelligence studies and conflict management to analyze and develop a robust assessment of the necessary requirements and attributes for achieving deterrence in cyberspace. Beyond simply addressing the base challenges associated with deterrence, many of the chapters also propose strategies and tactics to enhance deterrence in cyberspace and emphasize conceptualizing how the United States deters adversaries.
Proceedings Of A Workshop On Deterring Cyberattacks
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Author : National Research Council
language : en
Publisher: National Academies Press
Release Date : 2010-10-30
Proceedings Of A Workshop On Deterring Cyberattacks written by National Research Council and has been published by National Academies Press this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2010-10-30 with Political Science categories.
In a world of increasing dependence on information technology, the prevention of cyberattacks on a nation's important computer and communications systems and networks is a problem that looms large. Given the demonstrated limitations of passive cybersecurity defense measures, it is natural to consider the possibility that deterrence might play a useful role in preventing cyberattacks against the United States and its vital interests. At the request of the Office of the Director of National Intelligence, the National Research Council undertook a two-phase project aimed to foster a broad, multidisciplinary examination of strategies for deterring cyberattacks on the United States and of the possible utility of these strategies for the U.S. government. The first phase produced a letter report providing basic information needed to understand the nature of the problem and to articulate important questions that can drive research regarding ways of more effectively preventing, discouraging, and inhibiting hostile activity against important U.S. information systems and networks. The second phase of the project entailed selecting appropriate experts to write papers on questions raised in the letter report. A number of experts, identified by the committee, were commissioned to write these papers under contract with the National Academy of Sciences. Commissioned papers were discussed at a public workshop held June 10-11, 2010, in Washington, D.C., and authors revised their papers after the workshop. Although the authors were selected and the papers reviewed and discussed by the committee, the individually authored papers do not reflect consensus views of the committee, and the reader should view these papers as offering points of departure that can stimulate further work on the topics discussed. The papers presented in this volume are published essentially as received from the authors, with some proofreading corrections made as limited time allowed.
2017 Cyber Attack Deterrence
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Author : U. S. Military
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2017-03-07
2017 Cyber Attack Deterrence written by U. S. Military and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2017-03-07 with categories.
This is a complete reproduction of the final report of the Defense Science Board Task Force on Cyber Deterrence released in late February 2017. The Task Force was asked to consider the requirements for deterrence of the full range of potential cyber attacks against the United States and U.S. allies/partners, and to identify critical capabilities (cyber and non-cyber) needed to support deterrence, warfighting, and escalation control against a highly cyber-capable adversary. Public interest in cyber deterrence has grown over the past several years as the United States has experienced a number of cyber attacks and costly cyber intrusions. However, it is essential to understand that cyber attacks on the United States to date do not represent the "high end" threats that could be conducted by U.S. adversaries today - let alone the much more daunting threats of cyber attacks and costly cyber intrusions that the Nation will face in coming years as adversary capabilities continue to grow rapidly. The Task Force determined the United States faces three distinct sets of cyber deterrence challenges. First, major powers (e.g., Russia and China) have a significant and growing ability to hold U.S. critical infrastructure at risk via cyber attack, and an increasing potential to also use cyber to thwart U.S. military responses to any such attacks. This emerging situation threatens to place the United States in an untenable strategic position. Although progress is being made to reduce the pervasive cyber vulnerabilities of U.S. critical infrastructure, the unfortunate reality is that, for at least the next decade, the offensive cyber capabilities of our most capable adversaries are likely to far exceed the United States' ability to defend key critical infrastructures. The U.S. military itself has a deep and extensive dependence on information technology as well, creating a massive attack surface. Second, regional powers (e.g., Iran and North Korea) have a growing potential to use indigenous or purchased cyber tools to conduct catastrophic attacks on U.S. critical infrastructure. The U.S. Government must work with the private sector to intensify efforts to defend and boost the cyber resilience of U.S. critical infrastructure in order to avoid allowing extensive vulnerability to these nations. It is no more palatable to allow the United States to be held hostage to catastrophic attack via cyber weapons by such actors than via nuclear weapons. Third, a range of state and non-state actors have the capacity for persistent cyber attacks and costly cyber intrusions against the United States, which individually may be inconsequential (or be only one element of a broader campaign) but which cumulatively subject the Nation to a "death by 1,000 hacks."
Cyberdeterrence And Cyberwar
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Author : Martin C. Libicki
language : en
Publisher: Rand Corporation
Release Date : 2009
Cyberdeterrence And Cyberwar written by Martin C. Libicki and has been published by Rand Corporation this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2009 with Computers categories.
The protection of cyberspace, the information medium, has become a vital national interest because of its importance both to the economy and to military power. An attacker may tamper with networks to steal information for the money or to disrupt operations. Future wars are likely to be carried out, in part or perhaps entirely, in cyberspace. It might therefore seem obvious that maneuvering in cyberspace is like maneuvering in other media, but nothing would be more misleading. Cyberspace has its own laws; for instance, it is easy to hide identities and difficult to predict or even understand battle damage, and attacks deplete themselves quickly. Cyberwar is nothing so much as the manipulation of ambiguity. The author explores these in detail and uses the results to address such issues as the pros and cons of counterattack, the value of deterrence and vigilance, and other actions the United States and the U.S. Air Force can take to protect itself in the face of deliberate cyberattack. --Publisher description.
Deterring Cyber Warfare
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Author : Brian M. Mazanec
language : en
Publisher: Springer
Release Date : 2014-12-05
Deterring Cyber Warfare written by Brian M. Mazanec and has been published by Springer this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2014-12-05 with Political Science categories.
While the deterrence of cyber attacks is one of the most important issues facing the United States and other nations, the application of deterrence theory to the cyber realm is problematic. This study introduces cyber warfare and reviews the challenges associated with deterring cyber attacks, offering key recommendations to aid the deterrence of major cyber attacks.
Strategic Cyber Deterrence
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Author : Scott Jasper
language : en
Publisher: Rowman & Littlefield
Release Date : 2017-07-08
Strategic Cyber Deterrence written by Scott Jasper and has been published by Rowman & Littlefield this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2017-07-08 with Political Science categories.
This book offers a systematic analysis of the various existing strategic cyber deterrence options and introduces active cyber defense as a technically capable and legally viable alternative strategy for the deterrence of cyber attacks. It examines the array of malicious actors operating in the domain and their methods of attack and motivations.
Cyberwarfare Attribution Preemption And National Self Defense
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Author : John Dever
language : en
Publisher: Lulu.com
Release Date : 2014
Cyberwarfare Attribution Preemption And National Self Defense written by John Dever and has been published by Lulu.com this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2014 with Computers categories.
This paper proposes a new consequentialist standard based on an "Effects Test" to define when cyberattacks constitute an armed attack that can be responded to in self-defense. This paper will also address the use of anticipatory self-defense in the cyber context by proposing a modification of the traditional Caroline doctrine using a court system as a check on abuse of the anticipatory self-defense doctrine.
Cyberpower And National Security
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Author : Franklin D. Kramer
language : en
Publisher: Potomac Books, Inc.
Release Date : 2009
Cyberpower And National Security written by Franklin D. Kramer and has been published by Potomac Books, Inc. this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2009 with Computers categories.
This book creates a framework for understanding and using cyberpower in support of national security. Cyberspace and cyberpower are now critical elements of international security. United States needs a national policy which employs cyberpower to support its national security interests.
Cyber Security
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Author : Maurizio Martellini
language : en
Publisher: Springer Science & Business Media
Release Date : 2013-10-04
Cyber Security written by Maurizio Martellini and has been published by Springer Science & Business Media this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2013-10-04 with Computers categories.
The experts of the International Working Group-Landau Network Centro Volta (IWG-LNCV) discuss aspects of cyber security and present possible methods of deterrence, defense and resilience against cyber attacks. This SpringerBrief covers state-of-the-art documentation on the deterrence power of cyber attacks and argues that nations are entering a new cyber arms race. The brief also provides a technical analysis of possible cyber attacks towards critical infrastructures in the chemical industry and chemical safety industry. The authors also propose modern analyses and a holistic approach to resilience and security of Industrial Control Systems. The combination of contextual overview and future directions in the field makes this brief a useful resource for researchers and professionals studying systems security, data security and data structures. Advanced-level students interested in data security will also find this brief a helpful guide to recent research.