Cytokines As Players Of Neuronal Plasticity And Sensitivity To Environment In Healthy And Pathological Brain
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Cytokines As Players Of Neuronal Plasticity And Sensitivity To Environment In Healthy And Pathological Brain
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Author : Silvia Alboni
language : en
Publisher: Frontiers Media SA
Release Date : 2016-03-18
Cytokines As Players Of Neuronal Plasticity And Sensitivity To Environment In Healthy And Pathological Brain written by Silvia Alboni and has been published by Frontiers Media SA this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2016-03-18 with Neurosciences. Biological psychiatry. Neuropsychiatry categories.
It is now accepted that immune molecules are not only present within the brain during pathology but they exert physiological functions in the “healthy” brain as well. Increasing evidence points to a neuro-modulatory role of cytokines and chemokines (CHEMOtactic cytoKINES) in basal transmission and plasticity processes where signaling between peri-synaptic astrocytes, microglia and neurons plays an important role. Nevertheless, the exact mechanisms as to how cytokines, and in particular chemokines, participate in the molecular and cellular processes thought to subserve memory formation, plasticity processes and responsiveness to environmental stimuli remain to be clarified. Interestingly, in in vitro preparations, molecules like TNF-α, interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6, CX3CL1, CXCL12, CCL2 and CCL3 are implicated in synaptic formation and scaling, in modulation of glutamatergic transmission, in plasticity and neurogenesis, in particular in the hippocampus. The hippocampus is an extremely plastic structure, one of the main neurogenic niches in the adult brain, that exhibits a marked sensibility to environmental stimuli. Indeed exposure of mice to environmental enrichment (EE) modifies learning and memory abilities increasing neurogenesis and neuronal plasticity whether exposure to severe stressful experiences diminishes neurotrophic support, impairs neurogenesis, plasticity and cognition. In the hippocampus cytokines play a key role in mediating both positive as well as negative effects of the environment affecting neuronal plasticity also in stress related pathologies, such as depression. It has been reported that mice lacking type 1 receptor for IL-1 display impaired hippocampal memory and LTP that are restored by EE; moreover negative effects on neuronal plasticity (and thus behavior) induced by stress exposure can be prevented by blocking IL-1 activity. In addition, mice lacking IL-6 have improved cognitive functions whereas the absence of microglia-driven CX3CR1 signaling increases hippocampal plasticity and spatial memory occluding the potentiating effects of EE. However, the factors mediating the effect of environmental stimuli on behavior and plasticity has been only partially identified. Interestingly, it has been suggested that chemokines can play a key role in the flexibility of hippocampal structure and may modulate neuronal signaling during behavior. The question is how cytokines may translate environmental stimuli in plasticity and behavioral changes. This research topic is proposed to explore the role of cytokines, and more in particular chemokines, in the modulation of neuronal activity as a fundamental step for the correct brain wiring, function and susceptibility to environment. We encourage the submission of original research reports, review articles, commentaries, perspectives or short communications, in the following (but not limited to) topics: - Role of cytokines and chemokines in neuronal plasticity - Immune molecules and responsiveness to environment - Role of chemokine in the flexibility of hippocampal structure
Imaging And Monitoring Astrocytes In Health And Disease
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Author : Carole Escartin
language : en
Publisher: Frontiers Media SA
Release Date : 2014-11-25
Imaging And Monitoring Astrocytes In Health And Disease written by Carole Escartin and has been published by Frontiers Media SA this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2014-11-25 with Neurosciences. Biological psychiatry. Neuropsychiatry categories.
Astrocytes are key cellular partners to neurons in the brain. They play an important role in multiple processes such as neurotransmitter recycling, trophic support, antioxidant defense, ionic homeostasis, inflammatory modulation, neurovascular and neurometabolic coupling, neurogenesis, synapse formation and synaptic plasticity. In addition to their crucial involvement in normal brain physiology, it is well known that astrocytes adopt a reactive phenotype under most acute and chronic pathological conditions such as ischemia, trauma, brain cancer, epilepsy, demyelinating and neurodegenerative diseases. However, the functional impact of astrocyte reactivity is still unclear. During the last decades, the development of innovative approaches to study astrocytes has significantly improved our understanding of their prominent role in brain function and their contribution to disease states. In particular, new genetic tools, molecular probes, and imaging techniques that achieve high spatial and temporal resolution have revealed new insight into astrocyte functions in situ. This Research Topic provides a collection of cutting-edge techniques, approaches and models to study astrocytes in health and disease. It also suggests new directions to achieve discoveries on these fascinating cells.
Cerebral Endothelial And Glial Cells Are More Than Bricks In The Great Wall Of The Brain Insights Into The Way The Blood Brain Barrier Actually Works Celebrating The Centenary Of Goldman S Experiments
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Author : Elena García-Martín
language : en
Publisher: Frontiers Media SA
Release Date : 2015-07-02
Cerebral Endothelial And Glial Cells Are More Than Bricks In The Great Wall Of The Brain Insights Into The Way The Blood Brain Barrier Actually Works Celebrating The Centenary Of Goldman S Experiments written by Elena García-Martín and has been published by Frontiers Media SA this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2015-07-02 with Neurosciences. Biological psychiatry. Neuropsychiatry categories.
When Ehrlich discovered the first evidence of the blood-brain barrier in 1885, he probably did not perceive the Great Wall that remained hidden from consciousness inside the central nervous system. Ehrlich had observed that acidic vital dyes did not stain the brain if they were injected into the blood stream. A century ago (1913), Goldman showed that the injection of trypan blue in the cerebrospinal fluid stained only the brain, but not the other organs. For almost a century it was thought that the blood-brain barrier (BBB) consisted in a physical barrier, resulting from the restricted permeability of the cerebral endothelial cell layer, as they are joined by tight junctions. However, as scientists are always looking for news in what is already discovered, in the end of the 20th century we had evidences that cerebral endothelial and glial cells express several drug metabolizing enzymes consisting in a second protection system: a metabolic barrier. Furthermore, the drugs and their metabolites must overcome the activity of several multidrug resistance proteins that function as ATP-dependent efflux pumps, consisting in the third line of defence: the active barrier. Therefore, the way the BBB actually works should be better explained. Several endogenous compounds, as well as xenobiotics, may be activated by enzymes of the metabolic barrier, generating reactive oxygen species that could damage neurons. Therefore, endothelial and glial cells possess endogenous protecting compounds and enzymes against oxidants, consisting in an antioxidant barrier. When all these systems fail, glial cells, mainly microglia, secrete cytokines in an attempt to crosstalk with defence cells asking for help, which consists in an immune barrier. In cerebral regions that are devoid of the physical barrier, such as circumventricular organs, the metabolic, active, antioxidant and immune barriers are reinforced. It is important to understand how cells involved in the BBB interact with one another and the dynamic mechanisms of their functions. This Research Topic published in this e-Book considers recent highlights in BBB structure, cell and molecular biology, biotransformation, physiology, pathology, pharmacology, immunology and how these basic knowledges can be applied in drug discovery and clinical researches, rewriting what is already written, and paving the way that goes to the Great Wall in the Frontiers of the Brain in this new century that is just beginning.
Cumulated Index Medicus
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Author :
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 1991
Cumulated Index Medicus written by and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 1991 with Medicine categories.
Index Medicus
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Author :
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2004
Index Medicus written by and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2004 with Medicine categories.
Vols. for 1963- include as pt. 2 of the Jan. issue: Medical subject headings.
Electro Physical Agents E Book
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Author : Tim Watson
language : en
Publisher: Elsevier Health Sciences
Release Date : 2020-03-17
Electro Physical Agents E Book written by Tim Watson and has been published by Elsevier Health Sciences this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2020-03-17 with Medical categories.
Electrophysical Modalities (formerly Electrotherapy: Evidence-Based Practice) is back in its 13th edition, continuing to uphold the standard of clinical research and evidence base for which it has become renowned. This popular textbook comprehensively covers the use of electrotherapy in clinical practice and includes the theory which underpins that practice. Over recent years the range of therapeutic agents involved and the scope for their use have greatly increased and the new edition includes and evaluates the latest evidence and most recent developments in this fast-growing field.Tim Watson is joined by co-editor Ethne Nussbaum and both bring years of clinical, research and teaching experience to the new edition, with a host of new contributors, all leaders in their specialty.
Foundations For Osteopathic Medicine
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Author : Robert C. Ward
language : en
Publisher: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
Release Date : 2003
Foundations For Osteopathic Medicine written by Robert C. Ward and has been published by Lippincott Williams & Wilkins this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2003 with Medical categories.
Thoroughly revised for its Second Edition, Foundations for Osteopathic Medicine is the only comprehensive, current osteopathic text. It provides broad, multidisciplinary coverage of osteopathic considerations in the basic sciences, behavioral sciences, family practice and primary care, and the clinical specialties and demonstrates a wide variety of osteopathic manipulative methods. This edition includes new chapters on biomechanics, microbiology and infectious diseases, health promotion and maintenance, osteopathic psychiatry, emergency medicine, neuromusculoskeletal medicine, rehabilitation, sports medicine, progressive inhibition of neuromuscular structures, visceral manipulation, A.T. Still osteopathic methods, treatment of acutely ill hospital patients, somatic dysfunction, clinical research and trials, outcomes research, and biobehavioral interactions with disease and health. Compatibility: BlackBerry(R) OS 4.1 or Higher / iPhone/iPod Touch 2.0 or Higher /Palm OS 3.5 or higher / Palm Pre Classic / Symbian S60, 3rd edition (Nokia) / Windows Mobile(TM) Pocket PC (all versions) / Windows Mobile Smartphone / Windows 98SE/2000/ME/XP/Vista/Tablet PC
Society For Neuroscience Abstracts
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Author : Society for Neuroscience. Annual Meeting
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 1996
Society For Neuroscience Abstracts written by Society for Neuroscience. Annual Meeting and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 1996 with Neurobiology categories.
Oxford Textbook Of Osteoarthritis And Crystal Arthropathy
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Author : Michael Doherty
language : en
Publisher: Oxford University Press
Release Date : 2016-09-22
Oxford Textbook Of Osteoarthritis And Crystal Arthropathy written by Michael Doherty and has been published by Oxford University Press this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2016-09-22 with Medical categories.
A trustworthy clinical companion, the textbook offers best practice and management strategies for these common joint diseases. Formerly published as Osteoarthritis, the extensively revised third edition of the Oxford Textbook of Osteoarthritis and Crystal Arthropathy provides up-to-date and evidence-based guidance on how to assess, diagnose, and manage patients. A prestigious and international author team ensure information is expert and relevant-this is a practical tool for clinicians managing people with osteoarthritis, gout, and other crystal-associated arthritis. Confidently consider and chose the right blend of treatment for your patient, whether physical, pharmacological, surgical, or supportive. The Oxford Textbook of Osteoarthritis and Crystal Arthropathy provides full coverage of joint failure, and includes detailed sections on epidemiology, risk factors, clinical assessment, and investigations. This edition also now includes new sections on gout and other crystal arthropathies. Clinically relevant and easily understandable overviews of basic science, including pathology and pain physiology, along with critical appraisal of current guidelines, make this a highly valuable resource. Significant coverage is also given to patient education and the involvement of the patient in management planning. Also highly illustrated, the textbook is a strong reference tool with summary boxes and key points at the end of chapters making it easy to find information quickly and help you deliver the optimum patient outcome. The textbook equips rheumatologists and musculoskeletal health professionals with the knowledge to provide best possible patient care.
Neuroinflammation And Its Resolution From Molecular Mechanisms To Therapeutic Perspectives
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Author : Morena Zusso
language : en
Publisher: Frontiers Media SA
Release Date : 2020-07-14
Neuroinflammation And Its Resolution From Molecular Mechanisms To Therapeutic Perspectives written by Morena Zusso and has been published by Frontiers Media SA this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2020-07-14 with categories.