Defect Engineered Ti Al N Thin Films

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Defect Engineered Ti Al N Thin Films

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Author : Isabella Citlalli Schramm Benítez
language : en
Publisher: Linköping University Electronic Press
Release Date : 2017-10-23

Defect Engineered Ti Al N Thin Films written by Isabella Citlalli Schramm Benítez and has been published by Linköping University Electronic Press this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2017-10-23 with categories.

This thesis investigates the effect of point defects (nitrogen vacancies and interstitials) and multilayering ((Ti,Al)N/TiN) on the phase transformations in cathodic arc-evaporated cubic (Ti,Al)N thin films at elevated temperatures. Special attention is paid to the evolution of the beneficial spinodal decomposition into c-TiN and c-AlN, the detrimental formation of wurtzite AlN and the potential application as hard coating in cutting tools. c-(Ti1-xAlx)Ny thin films with varying Al fractions and N content (y = 0.93 to 0.75) show a delay in the spinodal decomposition when increasing the amount of N vacancies. This results in a 300 °C upshift in the age hardening and a delay in the w-AlN formation, while additions of self-interstitials enhance phase separation. High temperature interaction between hard metal substrates and thin films is more pronounced when increasing N deficiency through diffusion of substrate elements into the film. Low N content films (y = 0.58 to 0.40) showed formation of additional phases such as Ti4AlN3, Ti2AlN, Al5Ti2 and Al3Ti during annealing and a transformation from Ti2AlN to Ti4AlN3 via intercalation. The multilayer structure of TiN/TiAlN results in surfacedirected spinodal decomposition that affects the decomposition behavior. Careful use of these effects appears as a promising method to improve cutting tool performance. Diese Arbeit untersucht den Effekt von Punktdefekten (Stickstoffleerstellen und Zwischengitteratome) und Multilagen ((Ti,Al)N/TiN) auf die Phasenumwandlung in lichtbogenverdampften kubischen (Ti,Al)N-Dünnschichten bei erhöhten Temperaturen. Besonderes Augenmerk liegt auf der Entwicklung der vorteilhaften spinodalen Entmischung in c-TiN und c-AlN und der nachteiligen Bildung von Wurtzit-AlN, sowie der möglichen Anwendung als Hartstoffbeschichtung von Schneidwerkzeugen. c-(Ti1-xAlx)Ny mit unterschiedlichem Al-Anteil und N-Gehalten von y = 0,93 bis 0,75 zeigt mit zunehmenden Stickstoffleerstellen eine Verzögerung der spinodalen Entmischung. Dadurch verschiebt sich die Ausscheidungshärtung um 300 °C zu höheren Temperaturen und die w-AlN-Bildung wird verzögert, während der Einbau von Eigenzwischengitteratomen die Entmischung beschleunigt. Die Hochtemperaturwechselwirkung zwischen Hartmetallsubstrat und Dünnschicht durch Diffusion von Substratelementen in die Schicht nimmt mit steigendem Stickstoffdefizit zu. Stickstoffarme Schichten (y = 0,58 bis 0,40) zeigen während der Wärmebehandlung zusätzliche Phasen wie Ti4AlN3, Ti2AlN, Al5Ti2 und Al3Ti und eine Umwandlung von Ti2AlN in Ti4AlN3 durch Interkalation. Die Multischichtstruktur von TiN/TiAlN führt zu einer oberflächengerichteten spinodalen Entmischung, die das Entmischungsverhalten beeinflusst. Ein gezielter Einsatz dieser Effekte erscheint als ein vielsprechender Weg, um die Leistungsfähigkeit von Schneidwerkzeugen zu verbessern. I denna avhandling behandlas inverkan av punktdefekter (kvävevakanser och interstitialer) och multilagring ((Ti,Al)N/TiN) på högtemperaturfasomvandlingar i tunna arcförångade skikt av kubiska (Ti,Al)N. Störst vikt har lagts på utvecklingen av det fördelaktiga spinodala sönderfallet till c-TiN och c-AlN, den ofördelaktiga omvandlingen till w-AlN och potentialen som hårda skikt i verktygstillämpningar. Tunna c-(Ti1-xAlx)Ny skikt med olika Al-andel och en N-halt mellan (y = 0.93 och 0.75) uppvisar ökad undertryckning av det spinodala sönderfallet med ökat kvävevakanshalt. Detta resulterar i bildandet av w-AlN skiftas upp i temperatur vilket gör att åldershärdningen höjs med 300 °C. Däremot medför närvaron av självinterstitialer ett snabbare sönderfall. Växelverkan mellan hårdmetallsubstraten och de tunna skikten vid hög temperatur ökar med minskad kvävehalt i skiten genom diffusion av atomer från substratet in i filmen. Filmer med låg kvävehalt (y = 0.58 till 0.40) bildar även andra faser så som Ti4AlN3, Ti2AlN, Al5Ti2 och Al3Ti under värmebehandling och fasomvandlingen från Ti2AlN till Ti4AlN3 sker via en mekanism kallad intercalation. Multilagring av TiN/TiAlN resulterar i ett ytriktad spinodalt sönderfall vilket påverkar det totala sönderfallsförloppet. Nyttjande av dessa resultat syns som lovande vägar till förbättrade verktygsegenskaper.

Mechanical And Thermal Stability Of Hard Nitride Coatings

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Author : Yu-Hsiang Chen
language : en
Publisher: Linköping University Electronic Press
Release Date : 2018-05-15

Mechanical And Thermal Stability Of Hard Nitride Coatings written by Yu-Hsiang Chen and has been published by Linköping University Electronic Press this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2018-05-15 with categories.

Hard coating’s thermal stability is essential due to the high temperature environment of high-speed cutting applications, while the phase and microstructure evolution induced by exposing the coating to high temperature affects the mechanical properties. In this thesis, the mechanical stability of arc-evaporated, hard, transition metal nitride coatings annealed at high temperature is analyzed and related to the phase and microstructure evolution. In addition to hardness, fracture toughness is evaluated by surface and cross-sectional investigations by scanning/transmission electron microscopy of damage events following mechanical tests. The crack resistance of Ti1?xAlxN with a range of Al content (x = 0.23-0.82) was studied by contact fatigue tests, where the differences in the microstructure were found to play a major role. Superior mechanical properties were found in Ti0.63Al0.37N; in the as-deposited state as a result of a favorable grain size, and after annealing at 900o C due to the microstructure formed during spinodal decomposition. The mechanical and high-temperature properties of hard coatings can be enhanced by alloying or multi-layering. Within this work, quaternary Ti-Al-X-N (X = Cr, Nb and V) alloys were studied and superior toughness was found for TiAl(Nb)N in both the as-deposited and annealed (1100? C) states. The hexagonal (h)-AlN formation in cubic (c)-TixAl0.37Cr1?0.37?xN (x = 0.03 and 0.16) was analyzed by in-situ x-ray scattering during annealing. The energy for h-AlN formation was found to be dependent on the microstructure evolution during annealing, which varies with the coating composition. High Al content h-ZrAlN/c-TiN and h-ZrAlN/c-ZrN multilayers were investigated through scratch tests followed by focused ion-beam analysis of the crack propagation. A c-Ti(Zr)N phase forms in h-ZrAlN/c-TiN multilayers at high temperatures and that contributes to enhanced hardness and fracture toughness by keeping the semi-coherent sub-interfaces. Finally, an in-situ analysis of coatings by x-ray scattering during a turning process was carried out. It demonstrates the possibility of observation of stress evolution and thermal expansion of the coatings or the work piece material during machining. This experiment provides real-time information on the coating behavior during cutting. Hårda skikts högtemperaturstabilitet är viktig på grund av den höga temperaturskikten utsätts för under skärande bearbetning, och den utveckling av faser och mikrostruktur som då sker påverkar skiktets mekaniska egenskaper. I den här avhandlingen har den mekaniska stabiliteten hos arcförångade, hårda metallnitridskikt som värmebehandlats vid höga temperaturer studerats. Förutom hårdhet har även skiktens seghet utvärderats genom yt- och tvärsnittsstudier av den sprickbildning som uppstår vid mekanisk provning med hjälp av svep- och transmissionselektronmikroskopi. Segheten hos Ti1?xAlxN skikt med varierande Al-halt (x = 0.23-0.82) studerades genom utmattningsprovning och resultaten visar att förändringar i mikrostrukturen spelar en stor roll. Ti0.63Al0.37N skikten hade överlägsna mekaniska egenskaper; på grund av en fördelaktig kornstorlek i de obehandlade skikten och efter värmebehandling som ett resultat av det spinodala sönderfall som skett. De mekaniska egenskaperna och högtemperaturegenskaperna hos hårda skikt kan förbättras genom legering eller genom multilagring. I den här avhandlingen har kvarternära Ti-Al-X-N (X = Cr, Nb eller V) skikt studerats och TiAl(Nb)N skikten hade en överlägsen seghet i både obehandlat och värmebehandlat (1100oC) tillstånd. Bildandet av h-AlN i TixAl0.37Cr1?0.37?xN (x = 0.03 and 0.16) skikt studerades genom in situ röntgenspridning under värmebehandling. Den energi som krävs för att bilda h-AlN beror av mikrostrukturutvecklingen under värmebehandling vilken i sin tur beror av skiktens kemiska sammansättning. h-ZrAlN/c-TiN och h-ZrAlN/c-ZrN multilager med hög Al-halt undersöktes genom reptester följda av tvärsnittsstudier av sprickbildningen genom en analys med en fokuserad jonstråle (FIB). En c-Ti(Zr)N fas bildas vid höga temperaturer i h-ZrAlN/c-TiN multilagren och det bidrar till förhöjd hårdhet och förbättrad seghet på grund av en bibehållen koherens mellan lagren. Slutligen har in situ röntgenspridningsstudier av ytskikt utförts vid svarvning. Studien visar på möjligheten att observera spänning och värmeutvidgning av skikten eller arbetsmaterialet under bearbetning. Experimenten ger information om skiktens beteende under bearbetning i realtid. La estabilidad térmica del recubrimiento es esencial debido a que estos recubrimientos durante su aplicación son utilizados a elevada temperatura y a alta velocidad. Durante dicho proceso, la evolución microestructural afecta a las propiedades mecánicas. En dicha tesis, la estabilidad mecánica de los recubimientos duros base nitruro producidos mediante arco y recocidos a elevada temperatura son analizados y se correlacionado con su transformación de fase. La dureza, la resistencia a la fractura son evaluados mediante la observación tanto superficial como transversal mediante microscopia electrónica de barrido. La resistencia a la propagación de grieta de Ti1?xAlxN con un contenido en Al que fluctúa entre 0.23-0.82 se estudia mediante ensayos de fatiga por contacto, donde la diferencia microstructural juega un papel importante. Las mejores propiedades mecánicas se encentran en las muestras con un 0.63 de Ti donde se ha realizado un proceso de recocido a 900o C debido a la descomposición espinoidal. Las características mecánicas y de alta temperatura de recubrimientos duros pueden ser mejoradas si tenemos un recubrimiento multicapa. Aleaciones cuaternarias de Ti-Al-X-N (X = Cr, Nb y V) son estudiada, y una mejor tenacidad de fractura se encuentra para la muestra TiAl(Nb)N sin tratamiento de recocido como recocida a 1000ºC. La formación del AlN con una estructura hexagonal en la muestra TixAl0.37Cr1?0.37?xN (x = 0.03 y 0.16) son analizadas mediante ensayos in-situ de difracción de rayos X durante el proceso de recocido. Cabe mencionar que la energía cinética para la formación de la AlN con una estructura hexagonal depende del proceso de recocido, la cual hace variar la composición química del recubrimiento. Multicapas de h (hexagonal)-ZrAlN/c (cúbica)-TiN con un elevado contenido de Al son estudiadas mediante ensayos de rayado y la generación de daño es observado mediante la técnica del haz de iones focalizados. Las formas de la fase de c-Ti(Zr)N en las multicapas de (h)-ZrAlN/c-TiN formadas a elevadas temperaturas contribuyen a mejorar la dureza y la tenacidad de fractura manteniendo la semicoherencia en las intercaras entre cada capa. Finalmente, se realiza un análisis in-situ de los diferentes recubrimientos me diante dispersión de rayos X durante un proceso de torneado. En este caso, se demuestra la posibilidad de observar la evolución de las tensiones residuales y de la expansión térmica durante el proceso de conformado. Dicho experimentos proporciona información en tiempo real sobre el comportamiento del recubrimiento en condiciones de servicio.

Phase Stability And Defect Structures In Ti Al N Hard Coatings

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Author : Katherine M. Calamba
language : en
Publisher: Linköping University Electronic Press
Release Date : 2019-05-27

Phase Stability And Defect Structures In Ti Al N Hard Coatings written by Katherine M. Calamba and has been published by Linköping University Electronic Press this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2019-05-27 with categories.

This study highlights the role of nitrogen vacancies and defect structures in engineering hard coatings with enhanced phase stability and mechanical properties for high temperature applications. Titanium aluminum nitride (Ti,Al)N based materials in the form of thin coatings has remained as an outstanding choice for protection of metal cutting tools due to its superior oxidation resistance and high-temperature wear resistance. High-temperature spinodal decomposition of metastable (Ti,Al)N into coherent c-TiN and c-AlN nm-sized domains results in high hardness at elevated temperatures. Even higher thermal input leads to transformation of c-AlN to w-AlN, which is detrimental to the mechanical properties of the coating. One mean to delay this transformation is to introduce nitrogen vacancies. In this thesis, I show that by combining a reduction of the overall N-content of the c-(Ti,Al)Ny (y < 1) coating with a low substrate bias voltage during cathodic arc deposition an even more pronounced delay of the c-AlN to w-AlN phase transformation is achieved. Under such condition, age hardening is retained until 1100 ?C, which is the highest temperature reported for (Ti,Al)N films. During cutting operations, the wear mechanism of the cathodicarc-deposited c-(Ti0.52Al0.48)Ny with N-contents of y = 0.92, 0.87, and 0.75 films are influenced by the interplay of nitrogen vacancies, microstructure, and chemical reactions with the workpiece material. The y = 0.75 coating contains the highest number of macroparticles and has an inhomogeneous microstructure after machining, which lower its flank and crater wear resistance. Age hardening of the y = 0.92 sample causes its superior flank wear resistance while the dense structure of the y = 0.87 sample prevents chemical wear that results in excellent crater wear resistance. Heteroepitaxial c-(Ti1-x,Alx)Ny (y = 0.92, 0.79, and0.67) films were grown on MgO(001) and (111) substrates using magnetron putter deposition to examine the details of their defect structures during spinodal decomposition. At 900 ?C, the films decompose to form coherent c-AlN- and c-TiN- rich domains with elongated shape along the elastically soft <001> direction. Deformation maps show that most strains occur near the interface of the segregated domains and inside the c-TiN domains. Dislocations favorably aggregate in c-TiN rather than c-AlN because the later has stronger directionality of covalent chemical bonds. At elevated temperature, the domain size of (001) and (111)- oriented c-(Ti,Al)Ny films increases with the nitrogen content. This indicates that there is a delay in coarsening due to the presence of more N vacancies in the film. The structural and functional properties (Ti1-x,Alx)Ny are also influenced by its Al content (x). TiN and (Ti1-x,Alx)Ny (y = 1, x = 0.63 and x = 0.77) thin films were grown on MgO(111) substrates using magnetron sputtering technique. Both TiN and Ti0.27Al0.63N films are single crystals with cubic structure. (Ti0.23,Al0.77)N film has epitaxial cubic structure only in the first few atomic layers then it transitions to an epitaxial wurtzite layer, with an orientation relationship of c-(Ti0.23,Al0.77)N(111)[1-10]??w-(Ti0.23,Al0.77)N(0001)[11-20]. The w-(Ti0.23,Al0.77)N shows phase separation of coherent nm-sized domains with varying chemical composition during growth. After annealing at high temperature, the domains in w-(Ti0.23,Al0.77)N have coarsened. The domains in w-(Ti0.23,Al0.77)N are smaller compared to the domains in c-(Ti0.27,Al0.63)N film that has undergone spinodal decomposition. The results that emerged from this thesis are of great importance in the cutting tool industry and also in the microelectronics industry, because the layers examined have properties that are well suited for diffusion barriers.

Defect Passivation And Doping Engineering For Highly Efficient Perovskite Solar Cells

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Author : Meicheng Li
language : en
Publisher: CRC Press
Release Date : 2025-02-25

Defect Passivation And Doping Engineering For Highly Efficient Perovskite Solar Cells written by Meicheng Li and has been published by CRC Press this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2025-02-25 with Science categories.

Perovskite solar cells (PSCs) have attracted increasing interest from researchers due to their superb power conversion efficiencies. The intrinsic trap defects, unavoidably formed in the fabrication process, can induce nonradiative recombination, ion migration, I-V hysteresis, and instability of PSCs. However, trap defects are not always harmful. Fully understanding the fundamentals of trap defects as well as the passivation and doping strategies is helpful for further improving device efficiency and stability. This book summarizes the methods and strategies of defect passivation and material doping aiming to clearly describe the underlying mechanisms for high-efficiency and stable PSCs. • Introduces the fundamental characteristics of perovskite material defects • Discusses the main strategies, principles, and applications of defect passivation • Describes defect passivation consequences and characterization methods • Covers principles, methods, and applications of doping engineering in perovskites • Explores the structural design, advantages, characteristics, fabrication methods, and future development of perovskite homojunction Engineers and researchers working with photovoltaic generation, solar cells, semiconductors, and related topics will find this book to be an invaluable resource.

Nanostructured Photocatalyst Via Defect Engineering

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Author : Vitaly Gurylev
language : en
Publisher: Springer Nature
Release Date : 2021-10-28

Nanostructured Photocatalyst Via Defect Engineering written by Vitaly Gurylev and has been published by Springer Nature this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2021-10-28 with Technology & Engineering categories.

This book helps readers comprehend the principles and fundamentals of defect engineering toward realization of an efficient photocatalyst. The volume consists of two parts, each of which addresses a particulate type of defects. The first, larger section provides a comprehensive and rigorous treatment of the behaviour and nature of intrinsic defects. The author describes how their controlled introduction and consequent manipulation over concentration, distribution, nature and diffusion is one of the most effective and practical methodologies to modify the properties and characteristics of target photocatalytic materials. The second part of the book explains the formation of extrinsic defects in the form of metallic and non-metallic dopants and gives a detailed description of their characteristics as this approach is also often used to fabricate an efficient photocatalyst. Filling the gap in knowledge on the correlation between introduction of defects in various semiconducting materials and their photocatalytic performance, the book is ideal for graduate students, academics and researchers interested in photocatalysts, defect engineering, clean energy, hydrogen production, nanoscale advanced functional materials, CO2 deactivation, and semiconductor engineering.

Defects Engineering In Electroceramics For Energy Applications

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Author : Upendra Kumar
language : en
Publisher: Springer Nature
Release Date : 2024-12-01

Defects Engineering In Electroceramics For Energy Applications written by Upendra Kumar and has been published by Springer Nature this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2024-12-01 with Science categories.

This book highlights the history of electroceramics starting from synthesis using different routes of the solid solution to hybrid nanocomposites and its applications in different renewable energy, thermistor, actuators, thermoelectric, thermo-optic, sensor, and much more applications in electronic industry. In ceramic materials, the properties are controlled by doping and composition, but the grain size and the porosity of the sintered ceramics also play essential roles. The latter features depend on the method of fabrication. The end-user requirements define the optimum physical and chemical properties of ceramic materials. Therefore, the design and fabrication of ceramic components are multidisciplinary, spanning physical chemistry, metallurgy, and chemical engineering. Also included in this book are the various characterizing techniques to study the physical properties of ceramics.

Proceedings Of The 9th International Conference On Industrial Engineering

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Author : Andrey A. Radionov
language : en
Publisher: Springer Nature
Release Date : 2023-08-28

Proceedings Of The 9th International Conference On Industrial Engineering written by Andrey A. Radionov and has been published by Springer Nature this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2023-08-28 with Technology & Engineering categories.

This book highlights recent findings in industrial, manufacturing and mechanical engineering and provides an overview of the state of the art in these fields, mainly in Russia and Eastern Europe. A broad range of topics and issues in modern engineering is discussed, including the machinery and mechanism design, dynamics of machines and working processes, friction, wear and lubrication in machines, design and manufacturing engineering of industrial facilities, transport and technological machines, mechanical treatment of materials, industrial hydraulic systems. This book gathers selected papers presented at the 9th International Conference on Industrial Engineering (ICIE), held in Sochi, Russia, in May 2023. The authors are experts in various fields of engineering, and all papers have been carefully reviewed. Given its scope, this book will be of interest to a wide readership, including mechanical and production engineers, lecturers in engineering disciplines, and engineering graduates.

Bioactive Agents For Functionalization Of Biomaterials For Precise Tissue Engineering

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Author : Gang Wu
language : en
Publisher: Frontiers Media SA
Release Date : 2023-02-28

Bioactive Agents For Functionalization Of Biomaterials For Precise Tissue Engineering written by Gang Wu and has been published by Frontiers Media SA this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2023-02-28 with Science categories.

Advanced Strategies In Thin Film Engineering By Magnetron Sputtering

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Author : Alberto Palmero
language : en
Publisher: MDPI
Release Date : 2020-12-10

Advanced Strategies In Thin Film Engineering By Magnetron Sputtering written by Alberto Palmero and has been published by MDPI this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2020-12-10 with Science categories.

Recent years have witnessed the flourishing of numerous novel strategies based on the magnetron sputtering technique aimed at the advanced engineering of thin films, such as HiPIMS, combined vacuum processes, the implementation of complex precursor gases or the inclusion of particle guns in the reactor, among others. At the forefront of these approaches, investigations focused on nanostructured coatings appear today as one of the priorities in many scientific and technological communities: The science behind them appears in most of the cases as a "terra incognita", fascinating both the fundamentalist, who imagines new concepts, and the experimenter, who is able to create and study new films with as of yet unprecedented performances. These scientific and technological challenges, along with the existence of numerous scientific issues that have yet to be clarified in classical magnetron sputtering depositions (e.g., process control and stability, nanostructuration mechanisms, connection between film morphology and properties or upscaling procedures from the laboratory to industrial scales) have motivated us to edit a specialized volume containing the state-of-the art that put together these innovative fundamental and applied research topics. These include, but are not limited to: • Nanostructure-related properties; • Atomistic processes during film growth; • Process control, process stability, and in situ diagnostics; • Fundamentals and applications of HiPIMS; • Thin film nanostructuration phenomena; • Tribological, anticorrosion, and mechanical properties; • Combined procedures based on the magnetron sputtering technique; • Industrial applications; • Devices.

Biomaterials Engineering And Devices Human Applications

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Author : Donald L. Wise
language : en
Publisher: Springer Science & Business Media
Release Date : 2000-08-01

Biomaterials Engineering And Devices Human Applications written by Donald L. Wise and has been published by Springer Science & Business Media this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2000-08-01 with Technology & Engineering categories.

The medical device and drug industries standards in analytical methodology and are consistently among the strongest techno- quality control. logical performers. Materials are a key The users of Biomaterials Engineering ingredient in their dynamic growth. Devel- and Devices: Human Applications will r- opment of these materials is in a constant resent a broad base of backgrounds ranging state of activity, with the challenge of re- from the basic sciences (e. g. , polymer placing old materials that cannot withstand chemistry and biochemistry) to more the tests of time, and the new materials’ applied disciplines (e. g. , mechanical/ needs coming to the forefront in modern chemical engineering, orthopedics, and applications. This new reference text, pharmaceutics). To meet varied needs, each Biomaterials Engineering and Devices: chapter provides clear ancd fully detailed Human Applications, focuses on materials discussions. This in-depth, but practical, used in or on the human body—materials coverage should also assist recent indu- that define the world of “biomaterials. ” ees to the biomaterials circle. The editors Biomaterials Engineering and Devices: trust that this reference textbook conveys Human Applications focuses on mate- the intensity of this fast moving field in an rials development and characterization. enthusastic presentation. Chapters deal with issues in the selection of Donald L. Wise, PHD proper biomaterials from biocompatibility Debra J. Trantolo, PHD to biostability to structure/function relation- Kai-Uwe Lewandrowski, MD ships. Chapters also focus on the use of Joseph D. Gresser, PHD specific biomaterials based on their physio- Mario V.