Defense Of The Scientific Hypothesis
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Defense Of The Scientific Hypothesis
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Author : Bradley Eugene Alger
language : en
Publisher: Oxford University Press, USA
Release Date : 2020
Defense Of The Scientific Hypothesis written by Bradley Eugene Alger and has been published by Oxford University Press, USA this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2020 with Psychology categories.
Defense of Scientific Hypothesis: From Reproducibility Crisis to Big Data argues that the scientific hypothesis is the key to understanding what science is about, and explains its importance for scientists and non-scientists alike. Most scientists, like the general public, receive only cursory formal instruction about the scientific hypothesis. Since we all constantly assess what's going on around us, we continually formulate and test hypotheses, consciously and unconsciously. The book distinguishes scientific from statistical hypotheses, analyzes the benefits of hypotheses and hypothesis testing, sorts out sciences that do not require hypotheses, discusses educational and social policies relating to the hypothesis, and offers advice on recognizing and formulating hypotheses.
A Novel Defense Of Scientific Realism
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Author : Jarrett Leplin
language : en
Publisher: Oxford University Press
Release Date : 1997-08-07
A Novel Defense Of Scientific Realism written by Jarrett Leplin and has been published by Oxford University Press this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 1997-08-07 with Science categories.
Vigorous and controversial, this book develops a sustained argument for a realist interpretation of science, based on a new analysis of the concept of predictive novelty. Identifying a form of success achieved in science--the successful prediction of novel empirical results--which can be explained only by attributing some measure of truth to the theories that yield it, Jarrett Leplin demonstrates the incapacity of nonrealist accounts to accommodate novel success and constructs a deft realist explanation of novelty. To test the applicability of novel success as a standard of warrant for theories, Leplin examines current directions in theoretical physics, fashioning a powerful critique of currently developing standards of evaluation. Arguing that explanatory uniqueness warrants inference, and exposing flaws in contending philosophical positions that sever explanatory power from epistemic justification, Leplin holds that abductive, or explanatory, inference is as fundamental as enumerative or eliminative inference, and contends that neither induction nor abduction can proceed without the other on pain of generating paradoxes. Leplin's conception of novelty has two basic components: an independence condition, ensuring that a result novel for a theory have no essential role, even indirectly, in the theory's provenance; and a uniqueness condition, ensuring that no competing theory provides a basis for predicting the same result. Showing that alternative approaches to novelty fall short in both respects, Leplin proceeds to a series of test cases, engaging prominent scientific theories from nineteenth-century accounts of light to modern cosmology in an effort to demonstrate the epistemological superiority of his view. Ambitious and tightly argued, A Novel Defense of Scientific Realism advances new positions on major topics in philosophy of science and offers a version of realism as original as it is compelling, making it essential reading for philosophers of science, epistemologists, and scholars in science studies.
Fault Tracing Against Quine Duhem
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Author : Sam Mitchell
language : en
Publisher: Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co KG
Release Date : 2020-09-21
Fault Tracing Against Quine Duhem written by Sam Mitchell and has been published by Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co KG this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2020-09-21 with Philosophy categories.
It is widely believed in philosophy of science that nobody can claim that any verdict of science is forced upon us by the effects of a physical world upon our sense organs and instruments. The Quine-Duhem problem supposedly allows us to resist any conclusion. Views on language aside, Quine is supposed to have shown this decisively. But it is just false. In many scientific examples, there is simply no room to doubt that a particular hypothesis is responsible for a refutation or established by the observations. Fault Tracing shows how to play independently established hypotheses against each other to determine whether an arbitrary hypothesis needs to be altered in the light of (apparently) refuting evidence. It analyses real examples from natural science, as well as simpler cases. It argues that, when scientific theories have a structure that prevents them from using this method, the theory looks wrong, and is subject to serious criticism. This is a new, and potentially far-reaching, theory of empirical justification.
Scientific Knowledge
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Author : J.H. Fetzer
language : en
Publisher: Springer Science & Business Media
Release Date : 2012-12-06
Scientific Knowledge written by J.H. Fetzer and has been published by Springer Science & Business Media this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2012-12-06 with Science categories.
With this defense of intensional realism as a philosophical foundation for understanding scientific procedures and grounding scientific knowledge, James Fetzer provides a systematic alternative to much of recent work on scientific theory. To Fetzer, the current state of understanding the 'laws' of nature, or the 'law-like' statements of scientific theories, appears to be one of philosophical defeat; and he is determined to overcome that defeat. Based upon his incisive advocacy of the single-case propensity interpretation of probability, Fetzer develops a coherent structure within which the central problems of the philosophy of science find their solutions. Whether the reader accepts the author's contentions may, in the end, depend upon ancient choices in the interpretation of experience and explanation, but there can be little doubt of Fetzer's spirited competence in arguing for setting ontology before epistemology, and within the analysis of language. To us, Fetzer's ambition is appealing, fusing, as he says, the substantive commitment of the Popperian with the conscientious sensitivity of the Hempelian to the technical precision required for justified explication. To Fetzer, science is the objective pursuit of fallible general knowledge. This innocent character ization, which we suppose most scientists would welcome, receives a most careful elaboration in this book; it will demand equally careful critical con sideration. Center for the Philosophy and ROBERT S. COHEN History of Science, MARX W. WARTOFSKY Boston University October 1981 v TABLE OF CONTENTS EDITORIAL PREFACE v FOREWORD xi ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS xv PART I: CAUSATION 1.
Hypothesis And Perception
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Author : Errol E. Harris
language : en
Publisher: Psychology Press
Release Date : 2002
Hypothesis And Perception written by Errol E. Harris and has been published by Psychology Press this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2002 with Hypothesis categories.
First Published in 2002. Routledge is an imprint of Taylor & Francis, an informa company.
Evidence Explanation And Realism
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Author : Peter Achinstein
language : en
Publisher: Oxford University Press
Release Date : 2010-05-28
Evidence Explanation And Realism written by Peter Achinstein and has been published by Oxford University Press this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2010-05-28 with Philosophy categories.
The essays in this volume address three fundamental questions in the philosophy of science: What is required for some fact to be evidence for a scientific hypothesis? What does it mean to say that a scientist or a theory explains a phenomenon? Should scientific theories that postulate "unobservable" entities such as electrons be construed realistically as aiming to correctly describe a world underlying what is directly observable, or should such theories be understood as aiming to correctly describe only the observable world? Distinguished philosopher of science Peter Achinstein provides answers to each of these questions in essays written over a period of more than 40 years. The present volume brings together his important previously published essays, allowing the reader to confront some of the most basic and challenging issues in the philosophy of science, and to consider Achinstein's many influential contributions to the solution of these issues. He presents a theory of evidence that relates this concept to probability and explanation; a theory of explanation that relates this concept to an explaining act as well as to the different ways in which explanations are to be evaluated; and an empirical defense of scientific realism that invokes both the concept of evidence and that of explanation.
The Discourses Of Science
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Author : Marcello Pera
language : en
Publisher: University of Chicago Press
Release Date : 1994-12-15
The Discourses Of Science written by Marcello Pera and has been published by University of Chicago Press this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 1994-12-15 with Science categories.
Rather, science is a three-way interaction among nature, the investigator, and a questioning community which, through the process of attack, defense, and dispute, determines what science is. Rhetoric, then, understood as the practice of scientific argumentation, is an essential element in the constitution of science.
God The Failed Hypothesis
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Author : Victor J. Stenger
language : en
Publisher: Prometheus Books
Release Date : 2010-08-05
God The Failed Hypothesis written by Victor J. Stenger and has been published by Prometheus Books this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2010-08-05 with Science categories.
Throughout history, arguments for and against the existence of God have been largely confined to philosophy and theology, while science has sat on the sidelines. Despite the fact that science has revolutionized every aspect of human life and greatly clarified our understanding of the world, somehow the notion has arisen that it has nothing to say about the possibility of a supreme being, which much of humanity worships as the source of all reality. This book contends that, if God exists, some evidence for this existence should be detectable by scientific means, especially considering the central role that God is alleged to play in the operation of the universe and the lives of humans. Treating the traditional God concept, as conventionally presented in the Judeo-Christian and Islamic traditions, like any other scientific hypothesis, physicist Stenger examines all of the claims made for God's existence. He considers the latest Intelligent Design arguments as evidence of God's influence in biology. He looks at human behavior for evidence of immaterial souls and the possible effects of prayer. He discusses the findings of physics and astronomy in weighing the suggestions that the universe is the work of a creator and that humans are God's special creation. After evaluating all the scientific evidence, Stenger concludes that beyond a reasonable doubt the universe and life appear exactly as we might expect if there were no God. This paperback edition of the New York Times bestselling hardcover edition contains a new foreword by Christopher Hitchens and a postscript by the author in which he responds to reviewers' criticisms of the original edition.
In Defense Of Scientism
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Author : Byron K. Jennings
language : en
Publisher: Byron Jennings
Release Date : 2015
In Defense Of Scientism written by Byron K. Jennings and has been published by Byron Jennings this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2015 with Science categories.
This book is a series of short, perceptive and witty essays about science and how it works. The author, a long-time theoretical physicist and science administrator, shares his hard-won insights about science gained from years of working in the trenches. The approach is eclectic with examples and quotes from a wide variety of sources. However, a unified view of science is presented, namely that science is simply the straightforward application of model building and testing against observation. The technique is applicable to all walks of life, hence the title of the book.
The Scientific Attitude
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Author : Lee McIntyre
language : en
Publisher: MIT Press
Release Date : 2020-04-07
The Scientific Attitude written by Lee McIntyre and has been published by MIT Press this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2020-04-07 with Science categories.
This “intelligent treatise articulates why the pursuit of scientific truths, even if inevitably flawed . . . matters” in our post-truth world (Publishers Weekly). What separates science from other disciplines? An attitude that respects evidence and is willing to evolve as new evidence arises. Attacks on science have become commonplace. Claims that climate change isn’t settled science, that evolution is “only a theory,” and that scientists are conspiring to keep the truth about vaccines from the public are staples of some politicians’ rhetorical repertoire. Defenders of science often point to its discoveries (penicillin! relativity!) without explaining exactly why scientific claims are superior. In this book, Lee McIntyre argues that what distinguishes science from its rivals is what he calls “the scientific attitude”—caring about evidence and being willing to change theories on the basis of new evidence. The history of science is littered with theories that were scientific but turned out to be wrong; the scientific attitude reveals why even a failed theory can help us to understand what is special about science. In this book, McIntyre explores: • Historical cases that illustrate both scientific success and failure • The transformation of medicine from a practice based on hunches to a science based on evidence • Scientific fraud and ideology-driven denialists, pseudoscientists, and “skeptics” • How social science should embrace the scientific attitude Ultimately, McIntyre says, the grounding of science in evidence offers a uniquely powerful tool in the defense of science itself.