Demographic And Genetic Analyses Of A Captive Colony Of Bottlenose Dolphins Tursiops Truncatus In Grassy Key Florida
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Demographic And Genetic Analyses Of A Captive Colony Of Bottlenose Dolphins Tursiops Truncatus In Grassy Key Florida
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Author : Kirsten Donald
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2005
Demographic And Genetic Analyses Of A Captive Colony Of Bottlenose Dolphins Tursiops Truncatus In Grassy Key Florida written by Kirsten Donald and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2005 with categories.
Species Status And Population Structure Of The Newly Described Tursiops Australis The Burrunan Dolphin And Tursiops Truncatus The Common Bottlenose Dolphin In Southern Australian Waters Assessed Using Genetic Markers And Morphology
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Author : Kate Charlton
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2012
Species Status And Population Structure Of The Newly Described Tursiops Australis The Burrunan Dolphin And Tursiops Truncatus The Common Bottlenose Dolphin In Southern Australian Waters Assessed Using Genetic Markers And Morphology written by Kate Charlton and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2012 with categories.
Taxonomic relationships and affinities within the cetacean genus Tursiops have been plagued with controversy, with historically upwards of 20 species being described and later all synonymised with the common bottlenose dolphin T. truncatus. Numerous studies have demonstrated that Tursiops is polyphyletic. Tursiops truncatus is morphologically and genetically diverse and exhibits distinct 'ecotypes' with coastal/inshore popUlations often distinct from offshore populations. Recently, a 'worldwide distribution form' of T. truncatus has been hypothesised, suggesting interconnection on an evolutionary time-scale and long¬distance dispersal. However, a second distinct Tursiops species, the Indo-Pacific bottlenose dolphin T. aduncus has recently been formally recognised, based on morphological and mitochondrial DNA data. Similar to other regions, south-eastern Australia has two 'bottlenose' dolphin types, a small coastal form being distinct from a larger offshore form. My thesis examines the specific affinities of these south-eastern Australian dolphins using morphology and genetic analyses, and examines the genetic population structure and potential drivers of population differentiation of these marine mammals, with a particular view to assisting with appropriate conservation management for threatened inshore populations. Small coastal dolphins endemic to south-eastern Australia have variously been assigned to described species Tursiops truncatus, T. aduncus or T. maugeanus; however the specific affinities of these animals is controversial and have recently been questioned. Historically 'the southern Australian Tursiops' was identified as unique and was formally named Tursiops maugeanus, but was later synonymised with T. truncatus. Morphologically, these coastal dolphins share some characters with both aforementioned recognised Tursiops species, however they also possess unique characters not found in either. Recent mitochondrial DNA and microsatellite genetic evidence indicated deep evolutionary divergence between this dolphin and the two currently recognised species. I describe the macro-morphological, colouration and cranial characters of these coastal dolphins, assess the available and new genetic data, and conclude that multiple lines of evidence clearly indicate a new species of dolphin. Together with colleagues, we demonstrate that the syntype material of T. maugeanus comprises two different species, one of which is genetically most similar to T. truncatus, and the other is representative of the new species and requires formal classification. These coastal dolphins are now described as Tursiops australis, with the common name of 'Burrunan Dolphin' following Australian aboriginal narrative (Chapter Two -Charlton-Robb et al. 2011). The recognition of T. australis is particularly significant given the endemism of this new species to a small geographic region of southern and south-eastern Australia, where only two small resident populations in close proximity to a major urban and agricultural centre are known, giving them a high conservation value and making them susceptible to numerous anthropogenic threats. The two resident populations of T. australis at the eastern end of their range occur in Port Phillip Bay and the Gippsland Lakes, both of which are semi-enclosed water bodies along coastal Victoria. While T. australis is also found in South Australia and Tasmania, little is known about the population status and migration of these animals across their known range. To better understand breeding and movement patterns that would aid conservation management, I apply genetic tools to examine population structure, migration and family structure of T. australis (Chapter Three). Two regions of the mitochondrial DNA (the control region (-450bp) and cytochrome b (-1200bp)) and ten chromosomal microsatellite regions are used to assess population structure. Biopsy samples were collected from Port Phillip Bay, the Gippsland Lakes live populations and from beach-cast strandings across both Victoria and Tasmania (n=159). Genetic analyses, using both the maternal and bi-parental markers, revealed two distinct populations across the south-eastern Australian region; the Port Phillip Bay population being significantly differentiated from the Gippsland Lakes and Tasmanian popUlation. The data also suggest female philopatry and male biased dispersal across the region. Common bottlenose dolphins, T. truncatus, also reside in south-eastern Australian waters. Chapter Four examines the genetic diversity and population structure of T. truncatus in south¬eastern Australia using biopsy samples from free-ranging animals and samples from stranded animals (ranging from single to mass strandings) (n=83). Ten micro satellite markers and two mtDNA sequences (control region and cytochrome b) revealed high levels of genetic diversity. Two groups with overlapping ranges were found; animals stranding on King Island (in central Bass Strait, north west of Tasmania) and at Point Hibbs (on the south-western tip of Tasmania) formed one group that was differentiated from the second group consisting of all remaining samples corning from widespread Tasmanian and Victorian coastal regions. These two groups most likely represent an 'offshore' and a 'coastal' ecotype of T. truncatus in this region, respectively. I found a greater proportion of parent-offspring and/or full-sibling pairs within, as opposed to between, sampling events, indicating natal philopatry within pods and/or populations. In addition, control region haplotypes were compared with 77 haplotypes from numerous populations and ocean basins worldwide. Similarly to other worldwide studies on T. truncatus, a complex phylogenetic network with no distinct clustering of the south-eastern dolphins was discovered, suggesting whilst these animals are clearly forming two distinct populations within this region, on a worldwide scale they both represent the 'world-wide distribution form'. In addition, I contributed to three other collaborative studies: the first presents the genetic data that first highlighted T. australis as a potential new species, based on a small sample size of the mtDNA control region (Charlton et al. 2006); the second was a study investigating Tursiops and Delphinus species along eastern, south-eastern and southern Australia that presents multi-gene evidence for a distinct new species (Moller et al. 2008), and the final study used stable isotope signatures of both T. australis (reported as SABD) and T. truncatus from south-eastern Australia to demonstrate species level distinction in isotope signatures indicating the two species are feeding on different prey and likely foraging in different areas (Owen et aI., 2011). Lastly, in order to conserve and protect T. australis popUlations in Victorian waters, I submitted a nomination for threatened species listing of T. australis under the Flora and Fauna Guarantee Act 1988 (Department of Sustainability and Environment: Victorian Sate Government). These four documents are provided as attachments to this thesis.
Distribution Of R Banded Chromosome Variants In A Bottlenose Dolphin Tursiops Truncatus Population
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Author : Kristine Anne Gunter
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 1997
Distribution Of R Banded Chromosome Variants In A Bottlenose Dolphin Tursiops Truncatus Population written by Kristine Anne Gunter and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 1997 with Bottlenose dolphin categories.
Population Structure And Group Relatedness Of Bottlenose Dolphins Tursiops Truncatus In The Coastal Gulf Of Mexico Using Mitochondrial Dna And Nuclear Microsatellite Markers
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Author : Anna B. Sellas
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2002
Population Structure And Group Relatedness Of Bottlenose Dolphins Tursiops Truncatus In The Coastal Gulf Of Mexico Using Mitochondrial Dna And Nuclear Microsatellite Markers written by Anna B. Sellas and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2002 with Bottlenose dolphin categories.
Social Ecological And Genetic Structures Of Bottlenose Dolphins Tursiops Truncatus In The Normano Breton Gulf And In The North East Atlantic
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Author : Marie Louis
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2014
Social Ecological And Genetic Structures Of Bottlenose Dolphins Tursiops Truncatus In The Normano Breton Gulf And In The North East Atlantic written by Marie Louis and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2014 with categories.
Complex interactions between environmental factors and behavioral traits may shape the fine and large scale structuring patterns of animal species. The objectives of this dissertation were to describe and understand i) the fine-scale social, ecological and genetic structures of bottlenose dolphins in the Normano-Breton (NB) gulf and ii) the population structure of the species at the scale of the North-East Atlantic (NEA) by combining social, genetic, stable isotope and morphometric approaches. Coastal bottlenose dolphins in the NB gulf form a single genetic population subdivided in three social and ecological clusters. Ecology but not kinship may influence association patterns. In the NEA, bottlenose dolphin genetic structure is hierarchical. They form two ecotypes, i.e. coastal and pelagic, each of them being further divided in two populations. This genetic structure was likely triggered by past changes in the environment (i.e. deglaciation) that created ecological opportunities for diversification. Ecological specializations and social behavior may maintain genetic divergence. In turn, the pelagic origin of bottlenose dolphins in the NB gulf may explain some of their social structure traits. Thus, an interaction between social and ecological behaviors, current and past environmental conditions, and evolutionary history may drive the fine and large scale structuring patterns of this top predator. The absence of strong differences in morphology between the two ecotypes may be explained by their relatively recent divergence or by low contrasts between the pelagic and coastal habitats in the NEA. This work highlights the power of combining approaches at different temporal and spatial scales for assessing the social and population structures of highly mobile and difficult to access species. The results have also major conservation implications especially for the designation of management units.
Age Growth And Population Dynamics Of Common Bottlenose Dolphins Tursiops Truncatus Along Coastal Texas
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Author : Rachel Dawn Neuenhoff
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2010
Age Growth And Population Dynamics Of Common Bottlenose Dolphins Tursiops Truncatus Along Coastal Texas written by Rachel Dawn Neuenhoff and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2010 with categories.
Common bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops truncatus) are apex predators and indicators of localized ecosystem health. Accurate characterization of population demography is crucial to parameter predictions. However, descriptions of age growth investigations of odontocetes are limited to the postnatal life. In contrast, the modeled scenario for terrestrial mammalian growth has been described along a continuum of pre- and postnatal data. Few age distribution data exist for the western Gulf of Mexico despite the fact that life tables enable demographic comparisons among populations. The objective of this study was to characterize age, growth, and population-level behavior of bottlenose dolphins along Texas. This objective was accomplished by two discrete studies: age analysis, and population-level behavior. Teeth from 290 stranded individuals were extracted for the purposes of age determination. Curvilinear models (the Gompertz and the von Bertalanffy) were fit to postnatal length-at-age data. Fetal age was determined for 408 suspected fetal length records using validated fetal growth trends and empirical measurements from late-term fetuses. Growth analysis indicated that a Gompertz model fit length-at-age data better than a von Bertalanffy model. A postnatal Gompertz model explained less variation than a combined pre- and postnatal model (R2 = 0.9 and 0.94 respectively). The absolute growth rate and rate of growth decay tripled with the inclusion of fetal length and age data. In the second study, life tables were constructed for 280 individuals. Survivorship curves, mortality rates, intrinsic capacity for increase, and the population growth rate were calculated. Bottlenose dolphin mortality did not differ significantly by sex or age class. Survivorship was best characterized by a type III curve. Analyses indicated no substantial increase (r = -0.07), and that the population is not replacing itself in the next time-step ([lambda] = 0.93). Bottlenose dolphins conform to a number of eutherian mammalian trends: the production of precocial young, calving seasonality, and rapid fetal growth rate. Population level behavior suggests a population retraction possibly as a compensatory response to ecosystem perturbation rather than a population decline. Reproductive information will confirm population status and stability in the future. This study is the first to demonstrate a significant impact of cetacean fetal growth parameters on postnatal growth trajectory.
Population Size And Viability Of Bottlenose Dolphins Tursiops Truncatus Off The Coast Of The Parque Nacional De Este Dominican Republic
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Author : Adele Roland
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2013
Population Size And Viability Of Bottlenose Dolphins Tursiops Truncatus Off The Coast Of The Parque Nacional De Este Dominican Republic written by Adele Roland and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2013 with Bottlenose dolphin categories.
The population of bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops truncatus) living off the Southeast coast of the Dominican Republic was analyzed to determine demographic parameters and to better understand the status of the population. Sighting data from the Fundacion Dominicana de Estudios Marinos was used for photo-identification analysis. The sighting histories produced were entered into Pollock's robust model for mark-recapture analysis. From this analysis the abundance of the population was estimated as 102 (95% CI 66-178) dolphins in 2010 with an average annual survival of 0.952 from 2007-2010. Population viability analysis was performed using these data and reproductive parameters from the literature on bottlenose dolphins. Due to uncertainties in the models two scenarios were produced. One scenario represented the best estimates possible and shows the population to be growing. A second scenario, which used only slightly different parameters, shows the population to be in decline. In either scenario the removal of dolphins from the population has long term effects, the magnitude of which are dependent on the sex and age category of the animals removed. Removing female dolphins has longer term impact the removing male dolphins.
A Population Genetic Study Of Wild Bottlenose Dolphins Tursiops Truncatus In Matagorda Bay Texas
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Author :
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 1997
A Population Genetic Study Of Wild Bottlenose Dolphins Tursiops Truncatus In Matagorda Bay Texas written by and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 1997 with Bottlenose dolphin categories.
Same Sex Socio Sexual Interactions Among A Group Of Captive Bottlenose Dolphins Tursiops Truncatus
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Author : Natalia Botero Acosta
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2015
Same Sex Socio Sexual Interactions Among A Group Of Captive Bottlenose Dolphins Tursiops Truncatus written by Natalia Botero Acosta and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2015 with Animal psychology categories.
Bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops truncatus) frequently engage in nonreproductive sexual behavior, including homosexual encounters. In order to better understand the nature and function of these interactions, a longitudinal study of the patterns of association and the dynamics of initiator/recipient role exchange was conducted. Underwater video footage of a colony of bottlenose dolphins housed at the Roatan Institute for Marine Sciences (RIMS), collected between March of 2010 and May of 2013, was analyzed. Associations occurring during homosexual interactions were transitory for most individuals. Nonetheless, subsequent analyses allowed the rejection of the null hypothesis of random association, suggesting the existence of preferred associations. A symmetry analysis showed that most pairs shared a symmetric relationship, as only five of 22 dyads were significantly asymmetric. Evidence of association preferences and overall symmetry suggest that homosexual interactions in this population promote social bonding. Alternative explanations, including reconciliation, dominance assertion, tension reduction, and practice for future mating, might also play a role in the occurrence and maintenance of these interactions. --Page ii.
Genetic Characterisation And Social Structure Of The East Scotland Population Of Bottlenose Dolphins Tursiops Truncatus
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Author : Valentina Islas
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2010
Genetic Characterisation And Social Structure Of The East Scotland Population Of Bottlenose Dolphins Tursiops Truncatus written by Valentina Islas and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2010 with categories.
The Eastern Scottish population of bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops truncatus) is the northernmost population of this species. The resident core of this population consists of 120 to 150 different individuals. This small size and its geographical isolation from other populations raises questions about its viability and whether the population has behavioural patterns that differ from those common to other populations of the same species. Microsatellite genetic diversity was low and mitochondrial DNA genetic diversity values were lowest in East Scotland compared to other populations worldwide and to neighbouring populations around UK waters. It has been well documented, from four different field sites worldwide, that male bottlenose dolphins form alliances with preferred male associates. These alliances can last for several years and the males involved show association coefficients similar to those of mothers and calves (0.8-1.0). These alliances appear to be of great importance in obtaining matings for the males. In the Eastern Scottish population males do not form alliances. No evidence of strong associations between individuals of either sex was found and there was no correlation between association and relatedness patterns. I suggest that the isolation and small size of the population together with reduced genetic diversity affects the pressure of kin selection for altruistic behaviours. There is no gain in competing or associating with close relatives for access to mates and it might be more important to avoid inbreeding by dispersing. Although evidence of gene flow between East Scotland and its neighbouring populations was not confirmed with Bayesian clustering analysis, a small set of individuals from Wales were found to be closely related to individuals from the East Coast of Scotland. In general the dynamics found in UK water populations resemble those of the Western North Atlantic with sympatric populations of coastal as well as pelagic individuals.