Descending Modulation Of Itch And Pain
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Descending Modulation Of Itch And Pain
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Author : Taylor Follansbee
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2020
Descending Modulation Of Itch And Pain written by Taylor Follansbee and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2020 with categories.
Itch is commonly defined as an unpleasant sensation associated with the desire to scratch. The neural pathways underlying the sensation of itch are poorly understood, and the present dissertation elucidates 3 components of the itch signaling pathway by: 1) Investigating the role of descending modulation in spinal itch transmission, 2) Investigating the role of Trp channels in the development of dermatitis in the imiquimod model and 3) Investigating the mechanism of cinnamaldehyde evoked itch. The role of descending modulation in spinal itch transmission: The rostral ventromedial medulla (RVM) contains neurons with descending projections to the spinal cord which are known to modulate spinal nociceptive transmission. Within the RVM 2 major classes of cells have been identified in the nociceptive transmission pathway. The first are RVM ON cells which have a low tonic firing rate but increase in firing when noxious stimulation is applied. The second are RVM OFF cells, which have a high tonic firing rate but decrease in firing when noxious stimulation is applied. RVM ON cells facilitate the spinal nociceptive pathway, while RVM OFF cells inhibit it. Previous studies identified the substance P (SP) cognate receptor, tachykinin-1 receptor (NK-1R), in RVM ON cells. In some studies, injection of SP decreased mechanical and thermal nociceptive thresholds and antagonism of NK-1R reduced the development of hypersensitivity in chronic pain models. The studies described in chapter 2 investigated if RVM ON and OFF cells are excited and inhibited, respectively by pruritogens as they are by noxious pinch. We found that RVM ON cells are excited by intradermal injection of the pruritogens, histamine and chloroquine, as well as capsaicin and scratching, in a manner consistent with their response to noxious pinch. The same stimuli elicited a pause in firing of OFF cells. Furthermore, in chapter 3 we investigated the role of RVM ON and OFF cells in descending modulation of scratching behavior. We found the following: •intramedullary injection of SP reduced pruritogen evoked scratching behavior and reduced the mechanical nociceptive threshold •intramedullary SP facilitated responses of ON cells recorded using electrophysiology •chemogenetic activation of RVM NK-1R expressing neurons reduced acute pruritogen evoked scratching behavior with no effect on thermal or mechanical nociception, and also reduced spontaneous scratching and mechanical itch (alloknesis) in the imiquimod model of chronic itch •single-unit recordings from RVM NK-1R expressing neurons targeted to express channelrhodopsin (ChR2) revealed that the majority of ON cells were entrained to optic stimulation while approximately 50% of OFF cells were inhibited by optic stimulation •opto- and chemogenetic activation of serotonin (5-HT) expressing RVM neurons had little or no effect on pruritogen-evoked scratching or thermal or mechanical nociception. These results show that the RVM ON and OFF cells respond to pruritogens and the RVM ON/NK-1R expressing neurons exert an inhibitory input onto the spinal pruriceptive pathway. The role of Trp channels in the development of dermatitis in the imiquimod model: Plaque psoriasis is a chronic inflammatory skin disease that affects 0.5 - 11.4% of the world's population, depending on region. This disorder is characterized by scaly, thick skin, itch ranging from mild to severe in approximately 50-70% of cases, and frequently itch from light touch (such as clothing contacting skin, called "alloknesis"). Imiquimod has been used to create a mouse model of plaque psoriasis. In chapter 4, we showed that imiquimod -treated male, but not female, wildtype (WT) mice exhibited significant increases in spontaneous scratching, while both sexes exhibited increased alloknesis, indicative of chronic itch. Male and female TrpV1 and male TrpA1 knockout (KO) mice also exhibited a significant increase in spontaneous scratching following imiquimod treatment. Male TrpA1 and TrpV1 KO mice showed significantly lower alloknesis scores following imiquimod treatment compared to WT mice. In contrast to the relatively small differences in behavioral phenotype of WT, TRPV1 and TRPA1KOs, there were significant reductions in transdermal epithelial water loss (TEWL) as well as reductions in epidermal thickness, angiogenesis, infiltration of inflammatory cells, and psoriasis related genes in both TRPV1 (chapter 5) and TRPA1 KO mice (chapter 6) compared to WTs. These results imply that TrpV1 and TrpA1 have a limited role in itch-related behavior but play a significant role in the recruitment of inflammatory immune cells and degradation of the epidermal barrier in the imiquimod model of psoriasis. The mechanism of cinnamaldehyde evoked itch: Cinnamaldehyde (CA) is a novel pruritogen which elicits a sensation of itch and accompanying alloknesis when applied to human skin. In chapter 7 we investigated whether CA elicits scratching behavior and if TrpV1, TrpV4 and TrpA1 were necessary for CA evoked scratching behavior and activation of sensory dorsal root ganglion (DRG) cells. We made the following observations: •Intradermal injection of CA elicited a dose dependent increase in scratching but not pain-related wiping behavior in the cheek model, with no sex difference •CA-evoked scratching was significantly lower in TRPV1 and TRPA1KO mice •CA-evoked scratching was not mediated by histamine, as it was normal in Mast cell-deficient mice and was not reduced by an antihistamine •CA application resulted in increased alloknesis •Alloknesis was greater in TRPV1 and TRPA1KO mice compared to WTs •CA activated 24% of DRG cells from WTs and significantly fewer in TRPV4KO mice, consistent with the behavioral data •CA did not activate any DRG cells from TRPA1KO mice, indicating that its pruritic effect is independent of TRPA1 •CA does not act by release of the cytokine IL-4, which did not excite any DRG cells from TRPA1KO mice •IL-4 sensitized DRG cell responses to CA. These results indicate that TrpA1 and IL-4 are not involved in CA-evoked scratching, which partly depends on TrpV1 and TrpV4.
Itch
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Author : E. Carstens
language : en
Publisher: CRC Press
Release Date : 2014-02-25
Itch written by E. Carstens and has been published by CRC Press this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2014-02-25 with Science categories.
Advances in itch research have elucidated differences between itch and pain but have also blurred the distinction between them. There is a long debate about how somatic sensations including touch, pain, itch, and temperature sensitivity are encoded by the nervous system. Research suggests that each sensory modality is processed along a fixed, direct-line communication system from the skin to the brain. Itch: Mechanisms and Treatment presents a timely update on all aspects of itch research and the clinical treatment of itch that accompanies many dermatological conditions including psoriasis, neuropathic itch, cutaneous t-cells lymphomas, and systemic diseases such as kidney and liver disease and cancer. Composed of contributions from distinguished researchers around the world, the book explores topics such as: Neuropathic itch Peripheral neuronal mechanism of itch The role of PAR-2 in neuroimmune communication and itch Mrgprs as itch receptors The role of interleukin-31 and oncostatin M in itch and neuroimmune communication Spinal coding of itch and pain Spinal microcircuits and the regulation of itch Examining new findings on cellular and molecular mechanisms, the book is a compendium of the most current research on itch, its prevalence in society, and the problems associated with treatment.
Itch And Pain
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Author : Gil Yosipovitch
language : en
Publisher: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
Release Date : 2020-03-20
Itch And Pain written by Gil Yosipovitch and has been published by Lippincott Williams & Wilkins this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2020-03-20 with Medical categories.
Providing for the first time a comprehensive overview of the common and different pathways and mechanisms of itch and pain, this unique title explores these two distinct and still somehow similar sensory experiences and utilize the cross-fertilization between the two fields to develop better treatments for patients. Itch and Pain: Similarities, Interactions and Differences is the only available, up-to-date guide to current information in this important area, ideal for basic scientists as well as clinicians in dermatology, pain, neurology, medicine, psychology, or other specialties.
Magnetoencephalography
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Author : Selma Supek
language : en
Publisher: Springer
Release Date : 2014-08-07
Magnetoencephalography written by Selma Supek and has been published by Springer this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2014-08-07 with Technology & Engineering categories.
Magnetoencephalography (MEG) is an invaluable functional brain imaging technique that provides direct, real-time monitoring of neuronal activity necessary for gaining insight into dynamic cortical networks. Our intentions with this book are to cover the richness and transdisciplinary nature of the MEG field, make it more accessible to newcomers and experienced researchers and to stimulate growth in the MEG area. The book presents a comprehensive overview of MEG basics and the latest developments in methodological, empirical and clinical research, directed toward master and doctoral students, as well as researchers. There are three levels of contributions: 1) tutorials on instrumentation, measurements, modeling, and experimental design; 2) topical reviews providing extensive coverage of relevant research topics; and 3) short contributions on open, challenging issues, future developments and novel applications. The topics range from neuromagnetic measurements, signal processing and source localization techniques to dynamic functional networks underlying perception and cognition in both health and disease. Topical reviews cover, among others: development on SQUID-based and novel sensors, multi-modal integration (low field MRI and MEG; EEG and fMRI), Bayesian approaches to multi-modal integration, direct neuronal imaging, novel noise reduction methods, source-space functional analysis, decoding of brain states, dynamic brain connectivity, sensory-motor integration, MEG studies on perception and cognition, thalamocortical oscillations, fetal and neonatal MEG, pediatric MEG studies, cognitive development, clinical applications of MEG in epilepsy, pre-surgical mapping, stroke, schizophrenia, stuttering, traumatic brain injury, post-traumatic stress disorder, depression, autism, aging and neurodegeneration, MEG applications in cognitive neuropharmacology and an overview of the major open-source analysis tools.
Pain Modulation
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Author : Howard L. Fields
language : en
Publisher: Elsevier Publishing Company
Release Date : 1988-01-01
Pain Modulation written by Howard L. Fields and has been published by Elsevier Publishing Company this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 1988-01-01 with Medical categories.
This volume represents edited material that was presented at a conference on brainstem modulation of spinal nociception held in Beaune, France during July, 1987. Pain Modulation, Volume 77 in the series Progress in Brain Research reviews, analyses and suggests new research strategies on several relevant topics including: the endogenous opioid peptides; sites of action of opiates; the role of biogenic animes and non-opioid peptides in analgesia; dorsal horn circuitry; behavioural factors in the activation of pain modulating networks and clinical studies of nociceptive modulation.
The Oxford Handbook Of The Neurobiology Of Pain
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Author : John N. Wood
language : en
Publisher: Oxford University Press, USA
Release Date : 2020
The Oxford Handbook Of The Neurobiology Of Pain written by John N. Wood and has been published by Oxford University Press, USA this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2020 with Medical categories.
This handbook is currently in development, with individual articles publishing online in advance of print publication. At this time, we cannot add information about unpublished articles in this handbook, however the table of contents will continue to grow as additional articles pass through the review process and are added to the site. Please note that the online publication date for this handbook is the date that the first article in the title was published online.
Textbook On Scar Management
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Author : Luc Téot
language : en
Publisher: Springer Nature
Release Date : 2020-12-07
Textbook On Scar Management written by Luc Téot and has been published by Springer Nature this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2020-12-07 with Medical categories.
This text book is open access under a CC BY 4.0 license. Written by a group of international experts in the field and the result of over ten years of collaboration, it allows students and readers to gain to gain a detailed understanding of scar and wound treatment – a topic still dispersed among various disciplines. The content is divided into three parts for easy reference. The first part focuses on the fundamentals of scar management, including assessment and evaluation procedures, classification, tools for accurate measurement of all scar-related elements (volume density, color, vascularization), descriptions of the different evaluation scales. It also features chapters on the best practices in electronic-file storage for clinical reevaluation and telemedicine procedures for safe remote evaluation. The second section offers a comprehensive review of treatment and evidence-based technologies, presenting a consensus of the various available guidelines (silicone, surgery, chemical injections, mechanical tools for scar stabilization, lasers). The third part evaluates the full range of emerging technologies offered to physicians as alternative or complementary solutions for wound healing (mechanical, chemical, anti-proliferation). Textbook on Scar Management will appeal to trainees, fellows, residents and physicians dealing with scar management in plastic surgery, dermatology, surgery and oncology, as well as to nurses and general practitioners
Pain
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Author : Fernando Cervero
language : en
Publisher: Newnes
Release Date : 2006-05-18
Pain written by Fernando Cervero and has been published by Newnes this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2006-05-18 with Medical categories.
This volume provides a comprehensive accounting of pain and its relation to neurology. It is dedicated entirely to the mechanisms and clinical aspects of the subject, and provides a wealth of information on the latest neurobiological and clinical data surrounding the topic. From discussions of the physiology and pathology of the pain pathways from signaling, via spinal cord and supraspinal processing to endogenous pain modulation, users will gain an invaluable reference that provides a new understanding of pain related topics, including cytokines, sex differences, and the autonomic nervous system. Practicing clinicians, internists, surgeons, and those in the fields of psychiatry and gerontology will gain a greater understanding of this challenging topic with chapters that deal extensively with peripheral and central pain conditions, including specific disorders such as fibromyalgia, whiplash, psychiatric diseases, dementia, and even cancer. In addition, treatments for neuropathic pain are also thoroughly presented and discussed. * A comprehensive guide to the topic of pain and its relation to neurology * Invaluable information on specific topics of interest, including discussions of pain and its implications for related diseases and conditions such as fibromyalgia, whiplash, and even psychiatric disorders * Treatment protocols for neuropathic pain and patient care
Contemporary Oral Medicine
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Author : Camile S. Farah
language : en
Publisher: Springer
Release Date : 2019-03-07
Contemporary Oral Medicine written by Camile S. Farah and has been published by Springer this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2019-03-07 with Medical categories.
This book, written by world authorities in the field, is a comprehensive, up-to-date guide to the specialty of Oral Medicine, which is concerned with the diagnosis, prevention, and predominantly non-surgical management of medically related disorders and conditions affecting the oral and maxillofacial region. The pathophysiology, clinical presentation, diagnostic evaluation, and treatment of all relevant diseases and disorders are described with the aid of a wealth of clinical cases and illustrations that enable the reader to appreciate the diversity and potential complexity of Oral Medicine. In addition to the wide-ranging coverage of oral conditions, separate sections are devoted to bone and cutaneous pathology and to orofacial pain and its management, in addition to dental sleep medicine. The clinician who treats Oral Medicine patients will find this book to be an excellent aid to optimal management grounded in a sound knowledge of basic science and the dental and medical aspects of each disorder. In addition, it will serve as an outstanding textbook for undergraduate and postgraduate students.
Questions And Answers In Pain Medicine
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Author : Michael Suer
language : en
Publisher: Springer Nature
Release Date : 2021-02-24
Questions And Answers In Pain Medicine written by Michael Suer and has been published by Springer Nature this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2021-02-24 with Medical categories.
This book provides a practical and comprehensive review of pain medicine in a clear and easy to apply question and answer format. Divided by topic, the book includes Q&As on Pain Basics, Psychology, Common Pain Syndromes, Medications, Pain Management in Special Populations and Interventional Pain. It is intended as a guide for residents and fellows and is written in such a manner to provide instantaneous feedback on correct answer choice and explanation for self-evaluation while preparing for written board examinations. Questions and Answers in Pain Medicine: A Guide to Board Exams fulfills the need for a resource that is similar to the Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education (ACGME) board examination in the US as well as international equivalents. It utilizes a fully Q&A approach which is how many students prefer to study. Written by a physician who has recently passed the ACGME written board exam and the founder of a pain management fellowship program for nearly 20 years, the authors provide valuable insight for successfully undertaking board examinations in pain medicine.