Development And Analysis Of Photonic Crystal Fiber Mach Zehnder Interferometer For Highly Sensitive Detection And Quantification Of Gases
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Development And Analysis Of Photonic Crystal Fiber Mach Zehnder Interferometer For Highly Sensitive Detection And Quantification Of Gases
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Author : Kaveh Nazeri
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2020
Development And Analysis Of Photonic Crystal Fiber Mach Zehnder Interferometer For Highly Sensitive Detection And Quantification Of Gases written by Kaveh Nazeri and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2020 with categories.
Gas sensing is essential for safety and maintenance operations in many industries, including power generation, petrochemical, capture and storage technologies, and the food-processing sector. The properties of fiber-optic sensors make them a superior choice for environmental monitoring applications, especially in extreme conditions, and particularly when compared against conventional electro-optical sensors. Their advantageous properties include immunity to electromagnetic radiation, high temperature durability, high sensitivity and the ability for high resolution detection, as well as multifunctional sensing capabilities such as temperature, humidity, pressure, strain, and corrosion. Among different types of interferometers, Mach-Zehnder Interferometers (MZI) have received significant attention because they are robust, compact, and have high levels of precision. In this dissertation, we present an in-line and compact MZI point sensor designed for sensing refractive index. In comparison with various types of interferometers, fiber MZI based RI sensing was selected based on its enhanced sensitivity and fabrication simplicity. The MZI sensor is developed using photonic crystal fiber and demonstrated for high sensitivity detection and measurement of pure gases. The transmission spectrum of MZI sensors is formed by interference between the cladding and core modes. To construct the device, the sensing element fiber was placed and aligned between two single-mode fibers with air gaps at each side. Two linear-translation micro stages were used to accurately differ and adjust gap lengths from 0 to 5mm. Great measurement repeatability was shown in the cyclic test for the detection of various gases such as methane and helium. A high RI measurement resolution of 2.1 E-7 and a sensitivity of 4629 nm/RIU was achieved, which is among the highest reported. Results show that the sensitivity of the fabricated MZI increases from 3000 nm/RIU to 4600 nm/RIU when the length of the sensing element fiber decreases from 5 mm to 3.3 mm. Furthermore, the device was packaged to demonstrate the laboratory-scale monitoring, as well as leakage detection of different concentrations of CO2 in both subsurface soil and aqueous environments. Two water resistant but gas permeable membranes were used to package the sensor, to achieve a good balance of CO2 permeability and water resistance. The experimental study of this work reveals the great potential of the fiber-optic approach for environmental monitoring of CO2. This study also explores other potential applications. Three types of sensors were fabricated using the proposed configuration employing 4 mm stub of (i) solid core Photonic Crystal Fiber (PCF), (ii) 10 μm Hollow core PCF (HC-PCF), and (iii) 20 μm HC-PCF as the sensing elements. We compared the performance of these sensors for detecting and measuring the quantity of gas present. As the transmission signals correspond to the frequency components in the sensor's Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) spectrum, the effect of gap distance on the number and amplitude distribution of the modes was examined in an effort to optimize the design elements. The MZI sensors are highly sensitive to low percentages of CH4 and CO2, making them suitable for greenhouse gas measurement.
Multi Parameter Sensing Based On In Line Mach Zehnder Interferometer
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Author : Yanping Xu
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2013
Multi Parameter Sensing Based On In Line Mach Zehnder Interferometer written by Yanping Xu and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2013 with Interferometers categories.
Study Analysis And Experimental Validation Of Fiber Refractometers Based On Single Mode Multimode And Photonic Crystal Fibers For Refractive Index Measurements With Application For The Detection Of Methane
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Author : Haris Apriyanto
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2019
Study Analysis And Experimental Validation Of Fiber Refractometers Based On Single Mode Multimode And Photonic Crystal Fibers For Refractive Index Measurements With Application For The Detection Of Methane written by Haris Apriyanto and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2019 with categories.
Refractive index measurement has been studied since Ernest Abbé initially designed a refractometer in 1869, which is named the Abbé refractometer. Since then, numerous types of refractometers have been developed by employing either the optical prism-based refractometer or the optical fiber-based refractometer, due to their wide-ranging applications such as for sensingvarious physical, biological and chemical parameters. Recently, a large number of researchers have been developing refractometers based on optical fibers, exploiting mechanisms such as surface plasmon resonance (SPR), multimode interference, fiber Bragg gratings (FBG), long period gratings (LPG), tapered optical fibers, and striped-cladding multimode fibers (MMF), for their advantages in immunity against electromagnetic interference, electrical passivity at the sensing probe, and capability to long term in-situ measurement. This thesis concerns the development of comprehensively functional and accurate models for optical fiber refractometers based on optical intensity modulation, in particular for stripped-cladding MMF refractometry as well as hybrid systems involving a combination of single-mode-multimode fiber refractometery and the all-fiber hybrid refractometer using photonic crystal fibers. A key objective of this work is to characterize the performance of these intensity-based optical fiber refractometers in terms of their power response, sensitivity, resolution, and dynamic range. The simulation results which are corroborated experimentally demonstrate very high sensitivity being obtained in Zone II (i.e. the sensing regime typically employed for measuring a sensing medium index higher than the cladding index but less than or equal to the core index) for all three types of refractometers. However, the sensitivity in Zone III (i.e. the sensing regime for which the sensing medium index is higher than the core index) is very low. A hybrid single-mode fiber - multimode fiber configuration is used to improve the sensitivity in Zone III. On other hand, the sensitivity for Zone I (i.e. the sensing regime typically employed for measuring a sensing medium index lower than the cladding index) has been improved by increasing evanescent wave absorption using the all-fiber hybrid refractometer based on solid-core photonic crystal fibers. As a further potential of the fiber refractometer for applications in biochemical sensing, the proof-of-concept for a methane gas sensor has been demonstrated using supramolecular cryptophane-A which enables to trap the methane molecules. Cryptophane-A incorporated into a functionalized film of StyreneAcrylonitrile (SAN) host is applied to a de-cladded region of the sensor as the sensitive region. The refractive index of this functionalized layer increases proportionally with increasing methane concentration, subsequently inducing variations in the transmitted optical power along the fiber sensor.
In Line Tapered Fiber Mach Zehnder Interferometer For Biosensing Applications
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Author : Maryam Alharbi
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2018
In Line Tapered Fiber Mach Zehnder Interferometer For Biosensing Applications written by Maryam Alharbi and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2018 with categories.
Due to the advantages of compact size, light weight, immunity to electromagnetic interference and remote sensing, optical fiber sensors have been studied extensively since the 60s. In particular, interferometric Mach-Zehnder fiber sensors are favourable for their flexibility and high sensitivity. The principle of operation for these sensors bases upon the interference between the light propagation in the core mode and the excited cladding modes. The work presented in this thesis focuses on the fabrication of tapered Mach- Zehnder interferometer in a single-mode fiber and its applications in biosensing. In this study, two kinds of tapered fiber Mach-Zehnder interferometer, either symmetric or asymmetric, have been fabricated using fusion splicing technique. In both cases, the effects of varying the waist diameter, separation distance between tapers, and propagation direction are studied. The symmetrical tapered fiber Mach-Zehnder interferometer has been explored for biosensing applications. Using the dipping layer-bylayer method, multiple thin films have been deposited on the fiber structure for the detection of streptavidin which is a common target material used to test the effectiveness of a biosensor. The sensing mechanism here relies on the electrostatic attraction between cationic and anionic materials, in which the cationic material used in this study is poly (allylamin hidrocloride) (PAH). While, the anionic material adopted here is either SiO2 core/Au shell nanoparticles or poly (sodium 4-styrenesulfonate) (PSS). For the best of our knowledge, this is the first time the tapered fiber Mach-Zehnder interferometer is used for streptavidin sensing by applying the layer-by-layer technique. Two types of multilayered structure are fabricated on the tapered region of the fiber interferometer. The first multilayered structure consists of SiO2:Au nanoparticles, in which the deposition of a monolayer of the PAH polymer and a monolayer of the negatively charged SiO2:Au NPs represents a single bilayer of (PAH/SiO2:Au NPs). The second multilayered structure bases on the deposition of PAH and PSS polymer. Following the fabrication of the multilayered structures is the functionalization with biotin which is a vitamin that possesses a strong binding ability with streptavidin so it functions as an adhesive material to streptavidin. The sensing response of the sensors on detecting aqueous solutions of streptavidin has been observed by measuring the shift in the wavelength of the transmission spectrum of the tapered fiber interferometer. The effects of depositing (PAH/SiO2:Au NPs) and (PAH/PSS) films in multilayered structures, as well as the influences of different device specifications are investigated.
Lab On Fiber Technology
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Author : Andrea Cusano
language : en
Publisher: Springer
Release Date : 2014-07-29
Lab On Fiber Technology written by Andrea Cusano and has been published by Springer this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2014-07-29 with Science categories.
This book focuses on a research field that is rapidly emerging as one of the most promising ones for the global optics and photonics community: the “lab-on-fiber” technology. Inspired by the well-established "lab on-a-chip" concept, this new technology essentially envisages novel and highly functionalized devices completely integrated into a single optical fiber for both communication and sensing applications. Based on the R&D experience of some of the world's leading authorities in the fields of optics, photonics, nanotechnology, and material science, this book provides a broad and accurate description of the main developments and achievements in the lab-on-fiber technology roadmap, also highlighting the new perspectives and challenges to be faced. This book is essential for scientists interested in the cutting-edge fiber optic technology, but also for graduate students.
Brillouin Scattering In Photonic Crystal Fiber
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Author : Birgit Stiller
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2011
Brillouin Scattering In Photonic Crystal Fiber written by Birgit Stiller and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2011 with categories.
Brillouin scattering is a fundamental nonlinear opto-acoustic interaction present in optical fibers with important implications in fields ranging from modern telecommunication networks to smart optical fiber sensors. This thesis is aimed at providing a comprehensive theoretical and experimental investigation of both forward and backward Brillouin scattering in next generation photonic crystal fibers in view of potential applications to above mentioned fields. We show in particular that these micro-structured optical fibers have the remarkable ability to either suppress or enhance photon-phonon interactions compared to what is commonly observed in conventional fibers. Firstly, this thesis provides a complete experimental characterization of several photonic crystal fibers using a novel highly-resolved distributed sensing technique based on Brillouin echoes. We perform distributed measurements that show both short-scale and long-scale longitudinal fluctuations of the periodic wavelength-scale air-hole microstructure along the fibers. Our mapping technique is very sensitive to structural irregularities and thus interesting for fiber manufacturers to characterize and improve the fiber uniformity during the drawing process. With this technique, we also report the first experimental observationof the acoustic decay time and the Brillouin linewidth broadening in both standard and photonic crystal fibers. Furthermore, we experimentally demonstrate a simplified architecture of our Brillouin echoes-based distributed optical fiber sensor with centimeter spatial resolution. It is based on differential phase-shift keying technique using a single Mach-Zehnder modulator to generate a pump pulse and a _-phase-shifted pulse with an easy and accurate adjustment of delay. These sensing techniques are also applied to distributed strain measurement. Another aspect of this thesis is the investigation of a novel method for suppressing stimulated Brillouin scattering that is detrimental to optical fiber transmissions and fiber lasers. We experimentally study several fibers and a demonstrate 4 dB increase of the Brillouin threshold in a photonic crystal fiber by varying periodically the core diameter by only7%. The efficiency of this passive technique is verified by use of our distributed sensing technique where the oscillating Brillouin frequency shift is clearly observed.Lastly, we present experimental and numerical results demonstrating the simultaneous vi Abstract frequency-selective excitation of several guided acoustic Brillouin modes in a photonic crystal fiber with a multi-scale structure design. These guided acoustic modes are identified by using a full vector finite-element model to result from elastic radial vibrations confined by the air-silica microstructure. We further show the strong impact of structural irregularities of the fiber on the frequency and modal shape of these acoustic resonances.
Novel Modified Optical Fibers For High Temperature In Situ Miniaturized Gas Sensors In Advanced Fossil Energy Systems
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Author :
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2014
Novel Modified Optical Fibers For High Temperature In Situ Miniaturized Gas Sensors In Advanced Fossil Energy Systems written by and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2014 with categories.
This report covers the technical progress on the program "Novel Modified Optical Fibers for High Temperature In-Situ Miniaturized Gas Sensors in Advanced Fossil Energy Systems", funded by the National Energy Technology Laboratory of the U.S. Department of Energy, and performed by the Materials Science & Engineering and Electrical & Computer Engineering Departments at Virginia Tech, and summarizes technical progress from July 1st, 2005 -June 30th, 2014. The objective of this program was to develop novel fiber materials for high temperature gas sensors based on evanescent wave absorption in optical fibers. This project focused on two primary areas: the study of a sapphire photonic crystal fiber (SPCF) for operation at high temperature and long wavelengths, and a porous glass based fiber optic sensor for gas detection. The sapphire component of the project focused on the development of a sapphire photonic crystal fiber, modeling of the new structures, fabrication of the optimal structure, development of a long wavelength interrogation system, testing of the optical properties, and gas and temperature testing of the final sensor. The fabrication of the 6 rod SPCF gap bundle (diameter of 70[mu]m) with a hollow core was successfully constructed with lead-in and lead-out 50[mu]m diameter fiber along with transmission and gas detection testing. Testing of the sapphire photonic crystal fiber sensor capabilities with the developed long wavelength optical system showed the ability to detect CO2 at or below 1000ppm at temperatures up to 1000°C. Work on the porous glass sensor focused on the development of a porous clad solid core optical fiber, a hollow core waveguide, gas detection capabilities at room and high temperature, simultaneous gas species detection, suitable joining technologies for the lead-in and lead-out fibers and the porous sensor, sensor system sensitivity improvement, signal processing improvement, relationship between pore structure and fiber geometry to optical properties, and the development of a sensor packaging prototype for laboratory testing. Analysis and experiments determined that a bonding technique using a CO2 laser is the most suitable joining technique. Pore morphology alteration showed that transmission improved with increasing annealing temperature (producing smaller pores), while the sensor response time increased and the mechanical strength decreased with increasing annealing temperature. Software was developed for data acquisition and signal processing to collect and interpret spectral gas absorption data. Gas detection on porous glass sensors was completed and the detection limit was evaluated using acetylene and was found to be around 1- 200ppm. A complete materials package for porous glass sensors was manufactured for testing.
Photonic Crystal Fiber As A Robust Raman Biosensor
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Author : Altaf Khetani
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2016
Photonic Crystal Fiber As A Robust Raman Biosensor written by Altaf Khetani and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2016 with categories.
This thesis focuses on the investigation and development of an integrated optical biosensor based on enhanced Raman techniques that will provide label-free detection of biomolecules. This is achieved by using hollow core photonic crystal fibers (HC-PCF), nanoparticles, or both. HC-PCF is a unique type of optical fiber, with continuous 'channels' of air (typically) running the entire length. The channels serve to confine electromagnetic waves in the core of the fiber, and tailor its transmission properties. Using HC-PCF as a biosensor requires development of a robust technique to fill hollow-core photonic crystal fibers. Though several groups have reported selective filling of HC-PCF's core, the processes are cumbersome and limit the choice of liquid to avoid multimode behavior. In my Master's thesis, I presented a simple technique to non-selectively fill all the HC-PCF channels with samples. The non-selective filling preserves the photonic bandgap property of the fiber, and yields an extremely strong interaction of light and the sample that produces considerable enhancement of the Raman signal from the analyte. Up to now, non-selective filling was accomplished through capillary action and it delivered a Raman signal enhancement of approximately 30-fold, which is not sensitive enough to detect biomolecules at the clinical level. Moreover, there were issues of reliability and reproducibility, due to evaporation, filling and coupling light into the fiber. The objective of this PhD research was to overcome these problems by developing a robust optical fiber platform based on Raman spectroscopy that can be used in a clinical setting. I initially focused on heparin, an important blood anti-coagulant that requires precise monitoring and control in patients undergoing cardiac surgery or dialysis. Since the Raman spectra of heparin-serum mixtures exhibits Raman peaks of heparin with poor signal-to-noise ratios, I concentrated on enhancing the heparin Raman signal and filtering out the spectral background of the serum to improve detection sensitivity. Reaching maximum enhancement of the Raman signal required a strong interaction of light and analyte, which can be achieved by using hollow core photonic crystal fiber as I had used in my Master's research. Using a small piece of HC-PCF I was able to reach an enhancement in the heparin Raman signal of greater than 90-fold. With this degree of enhancement, I was able to successfully detect and monitor heparin in serum at clinical levels, something that had never been accomplished previously. After developing HC-PCF as a Raman signal enhancer, I focused on making the HC-PCF sensor robust, reliable and reusable. This was achieved by integrating the HC-PCF with a differential pressure system that allowed effective filling, draining and refilling of the samples in an HC-PCF, under identical optical conditions. To demonstrate the device's detection capabilities, various concentrations of aqueous ethanol and isopropanol, followed by different concentrations of heparin and adenosine in serum, were successfully monitored. To further improve the sensitivity of the HC-PCF based Raman sensor, I incorporated surface enhanced Raman scattering (SERS), by introducing nanoparticles into the HC-PCF fibers. The research focused on determining the optimal volume and size of silver nanoparticles to achieve maximum enhancement of the Raman signal in the HC-PCF. The HC-PCF enhanced the Raman signal of Rhodamine 6G (R6G) approximately 90-fold. In addition, the optimal size and volume of AgNP enhanced the Raman signal of R6G approximately 40-fold, leading to a total enhancement of approximately 4,000 in HC-PCF. This was then used to demonstrate the application of a SERS based HC-PCF sensing platform in monitoring adenosine (a clinically important molecule), as well as malignant cells such as leukemia. Finally, I used hollow core crystal fibers to significantly enhance the efficiency of two-photon photochemistry. Although two-photon photochemical reactions are difficult to achieve with a small volume, I accomplished it by using a novel platform of HC-PCF to efficiently execute the two-photon induced photodecarbonylation reaction of cyclopropenone 1, and its conversion to the corresponding acetylene. The simple optical design configuration involved coupling an 800-nm tsunami laser to a short piece of HC-PCF filled with the sample. This allowed me to increase the efficiency of two-photon induced photochemistry by 80-fold, compared to a conventional spectrophotometer cuvette. Thus, this work leads to the use of HC-PCFs to more effectively study two-photon induced photochemistry processes, which was limited due to the difficulty of detecting photochemical events with a small excitation volume.
Realizing A Mid Infrared Optically Pumped Molecular Gas Laser Inside Hollow Core Photonic Crystal Fiber
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Author : Andrew Michael Jones
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2012
Realizing A Mid Infrared Optically Pumped Molecular Gas Laser Inside Hollow Core Photonic Crystal Fiber written by Andrew Michael Jones and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2012 with categories.
This research has focused on the development, demonstration, and characterization of a new type of laser based on optically-pumped gases contained within hollow optical fibers. These novel lasers are appealing for a variety of applications including frequency metrology in the mid-infrared, free-space communications and imaging, and defense applications. Furthermore, because of the hollow core fibers used, this technology may provide the means to surpass the theoretical limits of output power available from high power solid-core fiber laser systems. Gas-filled hollow-core fiber lasers based on population inversion from acetylene (12C2H2) and hydrogen cyanide (HCN) gas contained within the core of a kagome-structured hollow-core photonic crystal fiber have now been demonstrated. The gases are optically pumped via first order rotational-vibrational overtones near 1.5 [mu]m using 1-ns duration pulses from a home-built optical parametric amplifier. Narrow-band laser emission peaks in the 3-[mu]m region corresponding to the [Delta][joule] = ±1 dipole allowed rotational transitions between the pumped vibrational overtone modes and the fundamental C-H stretching modes have been observed in both molecules. High gain resulting from tight confinement of the pump and laser light together with the active gas permits these lasers to operate in a single pass configuration, without the use of any external resonator structure. Studies of the generated mid-infrared pulse energy, threshold energy, and slope efficiency as functions of the launched pump pulse energy and gas pressure have been performed and show an optimum condition where the maximum laser pulse energy is achieved for a given fiber length. The laser pulse shape and the laser-to-pump pulse delay have been observed to change with varying pump pulse energy and gas pressure, resulting from the necessary population inversion being created in the gases at a specific fiber length dependent on the launched pulse energy. Work is on going to demonstrate the first continuous wave version of the laser which may be used to produce a single coherent output from many mutually incoherent pump sources.
Advanced Fiber Sensing Technologies
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Author : Lei Wei
language : en
Publisher: Springer Nature
Release Date : 2020-06-30
Advanced Fiber Sensing Technologies written by Lei Wei and has been published by Springer Nature this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2020-06-30 with Science categories.
Fiber sensing technologies have enabled both fundamental studies and a wide spectrum of applications in every aspect of life. This book highlights the recent advancement in fiber sensing technologies based on newly developed sensing mechanisms, advanced fiber structures, and functional materials. In particular, the integration of functional materials with different electrical, optical, thermal, or mechanical properties into a single fiber offers a wealth of new opportunities in sensing. The book covers the major developments in novel fiber materials, such as semiconductors, metals, polymers, soft glasses, and carbon materials, as well as the sensing applications based on both single fiber and multi-dimensional fiber arrays for temperature, light, strain, vibration, electric and magnetic fields, hazardous chemicals, gases, and physiological signals.