Diverse Essays In Labor Economics
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Diverse Essays In Labor Economics
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Author : Catherine Jean Weinberger
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 1993
Diverse Essays In Labor Economics written by Catherine Jean Weinberger and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 1993 with categories.
Essays In Labor Economics
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Author : Evan Nelson Buntrock
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2015
Essays In Labor Economics written by Evan Nelson Buntrock and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2015 with categories.
The three essays of this dissertation are studies of individual choice and outcomes in labor-economics related problems. In the first chapter, I use an individual's rank in his coworker-comparison group to predict whether he leaves his job and the amount of earnings growth he will experience over his next few years. Even after controlling for a variety of individual and firm observables and unobservables, I find that an individual's rank is positively correlated with his earnings growth on the current job but negatively correlated with his earnings growth when he changes jobs. The mean reversion of job changers' earnings with respect to rank suggests that rank is a signal of an individual's match productivity with his current firm. In the second chapter, my co-author and I use a flexible decomposition procedure for job-matching to distinguish changes in job-to-job flows due to structural factors of the labor market from changes due to the evolving composition of workers and firms. We find that the likelihood of workers moving to firms 25-100 miles away from their current firm when changing jobs has increased. This increased integration of local labor markets has gone undetected by other studies of mobility, which focus on interstate and even inter-county job and residential migration. In the third chapter, I study whether US citizens have become more or less likely over time to marry someone with whom they share a state of birth. Using a variety of descriptive statistics, I find that the proportion of marriages between citizens with different states of birth has increased. Individuals born in later years and those having higher education are generally more likely to marry someone born in a different state.
Empirical Essays On Different Aspects Of Labor Economics
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Author : Katja Alena Sonderhof
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2010
Empirical Essays On Different Aspects Of Labor Economics written by Katja Alena Sonderhof and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2010 with categories.
Essays In Labor Economics
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Author : MinSub Kim
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2021
Essays In Labor Economics written by MinSub Kim and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2021 with Industrial management categories.
This dissertation studies the importance of networks and other institutional factors on workers' labor market outcomes. I particularly focus on manager-employee networks formed within the workplace, for two main reasons: these networks play a critical role in determining the productivity of individual employees, and also affect the equitability of a given working environment, which in turn influences workers' outcomes. Because social networks are more likely to form among those who share similar backgrounds (such as gender or ethnicity), vertical co-worker connections may worsen existing intra-institutional gaps between majority and minority groups, as there is a higher chance of such bonds emerging among the majority. Hence understanding the characteristics and mechanisms of manager-employee connections may yield significant implications for policymakers in empowering a diverse workforce and redressing disparities. Despite having consequential ramifications for an employee's career outcomes, little attention has been paid to manager-employee networks in the workplace, mainly due to the limited data at hand. This, in turn, limits causal evidence in the existing literature. In the first two chapters below, using web scraping techniques, I construct unique datasets that allow me to identify co-worker connections in specific professions to provide causal evidence of the effects of manager-employee connections. In Chapter 1, I inquire whether the gender of academic leaders, i.e., college deans and department chairs, affects outcomes of faculty members in terms of (i) wages and (ii) share of female faculty in an academic unit. Exploiting data allowing for a year-by-year identification of any changes in individual departments/colleges such as chair/dean transitions, I adopt an event study design which compares female and male faculty who are exposed to a gender-constant head transition (e.g., male-to-male department chair transition) and those who are exposed to a transition that also involves a change in the leader's gender (e.g., male-to-female department chair transition). I find that managers can improve or worsen female outcomes relative to male outcomes, but the effect of managers does not depend on their gender. This finding is contrary to the common expectation that promoting female managers will have positive spillover effects on other female workers: my findings suggest that merely appointing female managers is not sufficient to reduce gender disparities and improve women's representation in universities. In Chapter 2, I investigate whether and to what extent connections with "successful" senior colleagues (i.e., senior colleagues who rise to high-ranking positions during the course of their career paths) affect a junior prosecutor's chances of promotion. This study focuses on a professional organization that is marked by its bureaucratic hierarchy where managers train, supervise, and assess juniors as well as hold the influence to recommend them for promotion. To identify a causal network effect of successful seniors, I exploit exogenous variation in networks arising from personnel transfer assignments, an organization-specific attribute unique to the Korean prosecution service. I find that connections to successful seniors have a positive spillover effect on junior prosecutors: a one standard deviation increase in the number of connections with successful seniors increases the probability of being promoted for a junior by 10 percentage points. I further provide empirical evidence that there are at least three potential mechanisms behind the network effect: (i) skill spillovers from a senior to a junior, (ii) transmission of information on a junior's performance between seniors, and (iii) nepotism based on alma-mater connections. I also find that social networks arising within workplaces can reinforce the disparity between the minority and majority groups: the alumni of a major university. My findings thus propose that matching a successful senior with a junior within the same minority group of a given institution is an effective way of supporting the minority group within the workplace. In Chapter 3, we study the gender gap for academic economists across a wide range of departments and institutions. Extending the faculty salary data used in Chapter 1, we quantify how much of the gender pay gap arises within versus between departments (and institutions), and explore potential explanations for the variations in the magnitude of gender disparity across different departments and universities, focusing on institutional factors such as gender composition and the overall level of dispersion in salaries at an institution and in a department.
Essays In Labor Economics
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Author : Keshar Ghimire
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2016
Essays In Labor Economics written by Keshar Ghimire and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2016 with categories.
This dissertation, in the standard three-essay format, studies three distinct but closely related aspects of the United States labor markets. Chapter 1 attempts to identify the main drivers of potential migration to the United States by using administrative data from the United States Diversity Visa Lottery. Estimating fixed effects panel data models that control for time-invariant unobserved heterogeneity in source-country level determinants of potential migration, I find that income levels in source countries and educational attainment of the source-country population play important role in determining migration intentions. Specifically, a one percent increase in per capita Gross Domestic Product of a source country decreases the potential migration rate from that country to the US by 1.36%. Similarly, a one percent increase in the educational attainment of source population (measured as the percentage of population with at least secondary education) decreases potential migration rate by 1.16%. The results obtained in this chapter improve our understanding of the composition of US labor markets by identifying the most important socio-economic variables that drive migration to the US. Chapter 2 estimates the causal impact of a change in supply of immigrant entrepreneurs on entrepreneurial propensities of natives. I draw data from the Annual Social and Economic Supplement of the Current Population Survey and use withinstate variation in supply of immigrant entrepreneurs for identification. To address concerns of endogeneity in the supply of immigrant entrepreneurs, I take advantage of a quasi-experiment provided by the State Children's Health Insurance Program. I find that, on average, immigrants self-employed in unincorporated businesses have no discernible impact on self-employment propensities of natives. However, immigrants self-employed in incorporated businesses crowd in natives into incorporated self-employment. Specifically, a 1% increase in incorporated immigrant entrepreneurs increases the supply of incorporated native entrepreneurs by 0.11%. Furthermore, various sub-sample analyses demonstrate substantial heterogeneity in the impact of immigrant entrepreneurs on entrepreneurial propensities of natives. The results obtained in this chapter have important implications for policies related to immigration and entrepreneurship development. Finally, Chapter 3 exploits the State Children's Health Insurance Program to investigate the impact of publicly funded health insurance coverage for children on labor supply of adults. Using data from the Annual Social and Economic Supplement of the Current Population Survey and triple difference identification strategy, the analysis demonstrates that public health insurance for children decreases labor supply of women, both at the extensive and the intensive margin, but increases that of men at the extensive margin. The estimates obtained in this chapter highlight the labor supply distortions associated with welfare benefits.
Short And Long Term Influences Of Education Health Indicators And Crime On Labor Market Outcomes Five Essays In Empirical Labor Economics
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Author : Elisabeth Lång
language : en
Publisher: Linköping University Electronic Press
Release Date : 2017-09-11
Short And Long Term Influences Of Education Health Indicators And Crime On Labor Market Outcomes Five Essays In Empirical Labor Economics written by Elisabeth Lång and has been published by Linköping University Electronic Press this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2017-09-11 with categories.
The objective of this thesis is to improve the understanding of how several individual characteristics, namely education (years of schooling), health indicators (height, weight, smoking, alcohol consumption, and exercise), criminal behavior, and crime victimization, influence labor market outcomes in the short and long run. The first part of the thesis consists of three studies in which I adopt a within-twin-pair difference approach to analyze how education, health indicators, and earnings are associated with each other over the life cycle. The second part of the thesis includes two studies in which I use field experiments in order to test the employability of exoffenders and crime victims. The first essay, Learning for life?, describes an analysis of the education premium in earnings and health-related behaviors throughout adulthood among twins. The results show that the education premium in earnings, net of genetic inheritance, is rather small over the life cycle but increases with the level of education. The results also show that the education premium in health-related behaviors is mainly concentrated on smoking habits. The influences of education on earnings and health-related behaviors seem to work independently of each other, and there are no signs that health-related behaviors influence the education premium in earnings or vice versa. The second essay, Blowing up money?, details an analysis of the association between smoking and earnings in two different historical social contexts in Sweden: the 1970s and the 2000s. I also consider possible differences in this association in the short and long run as well as between the sexes. The results show that the earnings penalty for smoking is much stronger in the 2000s as compared to the 1970s (for both sexes) and that it is larger in the long run as compared to the short run (for men). The third essay, Two by two, inch by inch, describes an analysis of the height premium among Swedish twins. The results show that the height premium is relatively constant over the life cycle and that it is larger below median height for men and above median height for young women. The estimates are similar for monozygotic and dizygotic twins, indicating that environmentally and genetically induced height differences are similarly associated with earnings over the life cycle. The fourth essay, The employability of ex-offenders, published in IZA Journal of Labor Policy (2017), 6:6, details an analysis of whether male and female exoffenders are discriminated against when applying for jobs in the Swedish labor market. The results show that employers do discriminate against exoffenders but that the degree of discrimination varies across occupations. Discrimination against ex-offenders is pronounced in female-dominated and high-skilled occupations. The magnitude of discrimination against exoffenders does not vary by applicants’ sex. The fifth essay, Victimized twice?, describes an analysis of whether male and female crime victims are discriminated against when applying for jobs in the Swedish labor market. This study is the first to consider potential hiring discrimination against crime victims. The results show that employers do discriminate against crime victims. The discrimination varies with the sex of the crime victim and occupational characteristics and is concentrated among high-skilled jobs for female crime victims and among femaledominated jobs for male crime victims.
Three Essays On Labor Economics
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Author : Fanghua Li
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2018
Three Essays On Labor Economics written by Fanghua Li and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2018 with categories.
This thesis contribute towards the understanding of labor economics and applied econometrics; the thesis is made up of three chapters. The first chapter explores the causal effect of parents' social capital on the intergenerational occupational inertia in addition to individuals' labor market outcomes. A new data extract was constructed by re-weighting and combining the Panel Study of Income Dynamics (PSID) and the Survey of Income and Program Participation (SIPP) to correct the selection biases induced by children's endogenous moving behaviors post-graduation. By exploiting the recent technological revolution and the resulting changes in occupational skill compositions measured by Dictionary of Titles (DOT) and its successor O*NET, it became possible to isolate the effect of inherited social capital from inherited human capital through a regression discontinuity design. Besides, a correction of the selection bias induced by the social capital advantage through children's occupational switching patterns after the first jobs was made. The results indicate that around 30% of individuals choose the same occupation as their parents for their first job; such people rely more on their parents' social connections in job hunting. Also, they enjoy a positive wage premium of about 5% of the percentile ranks of annual labor income for entry-level jobs but this positive effect fades away in the long-run. The second chapter studies the estimation and inference of nonlinear econometric model when the economic variables are contained in different datasets. We show that the unknown structural parameters of interest can be possibly uniquely identified if there are some common conditioning variables in different datasets. The identification result is constructive, which enables us to estimate the unknown parameters based on a simple minimum distance (MD) estimator. We study the asymptotic properties of the MD estimator and provide inference procedure. A simple model specification test on the key identification conditions is also provided. The third chapter provides an application example of the method developed in the second chapter. It is a long-standing problem in the empirical research that the economic variables are contained in different datasets. One well-accepted solution to this problem is the imputation method, which serves as a crucial step in the seminal work, Blundell, Pistaferri, and Preston (2008) studied the dynamic relationship between consumption and income, with consumption data from CEX and income data from PSID. In this chapter, we first prove that the imputation method is biased because they are significantly different from those based on true data, which is the newly available PSID from 1999 which includes both consumption and income data. Furthermore, we investigate the finite sample performance of our new method with this new PSID data and show that our method delivers comparable results with those based on the true data. We conclude that the imputation gives largely biased estimation compared to the real data results and the new estimator developed in Chapter 2 performs better. The three chapters share the same interests in the long-lasting question that how we can deal with the situation in which the economic variables or the study population is contained in different datasets. The first chapter starts off from the simplest scenario that the data set is complete in terms of variables but biased in terms of representativeness. The other two chapters deal with the other more difficult and more usual case that the data set is incomplete in terms of economic variables. We not only contribute methodologically by providing a new estimator but also implement the method in an important application case and discuss the implications.
Three Essays In Labor Economics
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Author : Megan de Linde Leonard
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2010
Three Essays In Labor Economics written by Megan de Linde Leonard and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2010 with categories.
Women, on average, are found in systematically different careers than men. The reason for this phenomenon is not fully understood, in part because expectations play a vital role in the process of career choice. Different religious groups have different beliefs on the importance of child bearing, so fertility expectations should differ by religious group. I include a woman's religious denomination in regressions on mea- sures of occupational flexibility. Jehovah's Witnesses choose the most flexible careers followed by Pentecostal, Catholic, Baptist, and Mainline Protestant women. Jewish women generally choose the least flexible careers. This is consistent with the human capital notion that women are choosing different careers than men rather than being forced into different job paths. If women are choosing jobs that allow them to take responsibility for home pro- duction, how does this affect their husbands? Male wage regressions that include marital status dummy variables find a marriage wage premium of 10 to 40%. This premium may occur because wives are taking responsibility for home production and husbands are free to focus their attention on productivity at work. It may also be that factors unobserved to the researcher may make a man more productive and more likely to marry. I use religious denomination as a proxy for specialization within the home. Men in more traditional religious denominations enjoy a higher marriage wage premium, which is evidence that household specialization of labor is an important cause of the wage premium. The choice of a career, whether to marry, and most other important life decisions are dependent on one's risk tolerance. The role of risk preferences in such choices is not fully understood, largely because relative risk aversion (y) is hard to empirically quantify. Chetty (2006) derives a formula for ° based on the link between utility and labor supply decisions. I estimate y at the micro level using the 1996 Panel Study of Income Dynamics. I compare y to an estimate based on hypothetical gambles and find the measures substantially different. This supports Chetty's claim that ex- pected utility theory cannot suffciently explain choices under uncertainty in different domains.
Two Essays In Labor Economics
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Author : Siyi Zhu
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2013
Two Essays In Labor Economics written by Siyi Zhu and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2013 with categories.
The first essay studies the long term trend of internal migration in the United States. Over the last forty years, there has only been a modest change in the overall interstate migration rate in the United States. However, different demographic groups have seen very different patterns of changes. The migration rate for families with two college graduate spouses dropped from 5.66% in 1965-1970 to 2.82% in 2000-2005. As for the families with college-graduate husband, it dropped from 4.05% to 2.15% during the same time frame. Interstate migration rates for other types of families or singles have seen little change. This paper extends Mincer's family migration model into a search framework and directly estimates the effects of female labor force participation, spousal earnings ratio, correlation of earnings from job offers, and home ownership on the migration propensity by using the Current Population Survey (CPS) data in the period of 1982-2005. Endogeniety issues of these variables are appropriately addressed. According to the Blinder-Oaxaca decomposition analysis, we find that the increasing female labor force participation rate and earnings ratio of wife to husband are the primary determinants for the decline in the interstate migration rate of families with two college-graduate spouses and families with a college-graduate husband in the 1980s-1990s. The rising home ownership accounts for a large portion of the decrease in the migration rate of highly educated families, in the 1990s-2000s. The second essay studies the impact of changing youth cohort size on the unemployment rate. Although an increase in youth cohort size is often found to exert an upward pressure on the aggregate unemployment rate, it has been provided some empirical evidences and a theoretical model to the contrary. We find that the estimated elasticity of unemployment rate is quite sensitive in a fixed effect model, with the inclusion of year dummies, when there is a strong temporal correlation between the youth cohort size and the unemployment rate. Both the sign and magnitude of the estimates vary significantly when using data from different time periods. We propose an alternative way to control for the fixed effects and obtain consistent estimates across the time periods in the United States. Our results support the conventional wisdom of positive correlation between youth cohort size and aggregate unemployment rate. This positive effect of the youth cohort size is strongest for the youngest workers and gradually diminishes for older workers, which implies that the young and the prime age workers are not perfect substitutes to the employers. The electronic version of this dissertation is accessible from http://hdl.handle.net/1969.1/148267
Empirical Essays On Employment And Labor Management Relations
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Author : Laura Marie Giuliano
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2003
Empirical Essays On Employment And Labor Management Relations written by Laura Marie Giuliano and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2003 with Labor market categories.