Two Essays In Labor Economics
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Two Essays In Labor Economics
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Author : Chul-In Lee
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 1996
Two Essays In Labor Economics written by Chul-In Lee and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 1996 with categories.
Two Essays In Labor Economics
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Author : Patrik Andersson
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 1995
Two Essays In Labor Economics written by Patrik Andersson and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 1995 with Discrimination in employment categories.
Two Essays In Labor Economics
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Author : Siyi Zhu
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2013
Two Essays In Labor Economics written by Siyi Zhu and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2013 with categories.
The first essay studies the long term trend of internal migration in the United States. Over the last forty years, there has only been a modest change in the overall interstate migration rate in the United States. However, different demographic groups have seen very different patterns of changes. The migration rate for families with two college graduate spouses dropped from 5.66% in 1965-1970 to 2.82% in 2000-2005. As for the families with college-graduate husband, it dropped from 4.05% to 2.15% during the same time frame. Interstate migration rates for other types of families or singles have seen little change. This paper extends Mincer's family migration model into a search framework and directly estimates the effects of female labor force participation, spousal earnings ratio, correlation of earnings from job offers, and home ownership on the migration propensity by using the Current Population Survey (CPS) data in the period of 1982-2005. Endogeniety issues of these variables are appropriately addressed. According to the Blinder-Oaxaca decomposition analysis, we find that the increasing female labor force participation rate and earnings ratio of wife to husband are the primary determinants for the decline in the interstate migration rate of families with two college-graduate spouses and families with a college-graduate husband in the 1980s-1990s. The rising home ownership accounts for a large portion of the decrease in the migration rate of highly educated families, in the 1990s-2000s. The second essay studies the impact of changing youth cohort size on the unemployment rate. Although an increase in youth cohort size is often found to exert an upward pressure on the aggregate unemployment rate, it has been provided some empirical evidences and a theoretical model to the contrary. We find that the estimated elasticity of unemployment rate is quite sensitive in a fixed effect model, with the inclusion of year dummies, when there is a strong temporal correlation between the youth cohort size and the unemployment rate. Both the sign and magnitude of the estimates vary significantly when using data from different time periods. We propose an alternative way to control for the fixed effects and obtain consistent estimates across the time periods in the United States. Our results support the conventional wisdom of positive correlation between youth cohort size and aggregate unemployment rate. This positive effect of the youth cohort size is strongest for the youngest workers and gradually diminishes for older workers, which implies that the young and the prime age workers are not perfect substitutes to the employers. The electronic version of this dissertation is accessible from http://hdl.handle.net/1969.1/148267
Essays In Labor Economics And Public Policy
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Author : Gabriela Liliana Galassi
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2018
Essays In Labor Economics And Public Policy written by Gabriela Liliana Galassi and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2018 with Labor economics categories.
This thesis contains three chapters around two related questions: (1) what are the determinants of the decision to work?, and (2) what are the (unintended) effects of policies stimulating labor market participation? The first two chapters tackle the second question in the empirical setting of the Mini-Job reform in Germany, which expanded substantially the in-work benefits, or tax advantages for low-earning workers. The third chapter, dealing with the first question, focuses on the transmission of employment behavior and preferences for work across generations. The first chapter analyzes how firms respond to changes in tax benefits for low-earning workers and how, through equilibrium effects, such policies also affect non-targeted, highearning workers. Combining theoretical and empirical analysis, I document the presence of both job creation and substitution underlying firm responses induced by the Mini-Job Reform. In particular, I nd that firms with a high pre-reform use of low-earning workers increase the demand for workers with better earnings, an important result. The second essay provides an empirical analysis of the effects of the same reform on earnings and employment prospects of targeted workers. The findings question the role of in-work benefits as an antipoverty policy since they do not improve earnings of targeted workers. However, they also show that these benefits provide opportunities for jobless individuals to smoothly transit to better paid employment. Finally, in the third chapter, joint with Lukas Mayr and David Koll, we analyze how employment status and attitudes towards work are related across generations. Using data for the US, we find a significant positive correlation between the employment status of mothers and children, after controlling for productivity and other observable factors. We interpret this finding as evidence of transmission of preferences for work. We show that the correlation is unlikely to be driven by networks, transmission of specific human capital or local labor markets' conditions, and we provide suggestive evidence for a role model channel.
Three Essays In Labor Economics And Applied Econometrics
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Author : Maria Adelaida Lopera
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2016
Three Essays In Labor Economics And Applied Econometrics written by Maria Adelaida Lopera and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2016 with categories.
This thesis is a collection of three essays in labour economics and applied econometrics. The first two essays investigate workers productivity and their effort choice in a tree-planting firm. The third essay studies community cooperation in a public good experiment. Beyond the econometric techniques, the convergence point of this thesis is the question of how individuals incorporate external factors into their choices. How work fatigue affects productivity, how productivity shocks affect workers' choice of effort, and how social interactions affect community cooperation. Understanding and measuring the relevance of these external factors is important for designing incentives that influence individuals to act in a desired way. Appropriate incentives are the best way to regulate behaviour without imposing restrictions and rules that are costly to enforce and may create social frictions. From the first two chapters on productivity of tree planters two interesting findings stand out. First, workers' earnings can be increased by simply rearranging the working week in different work spells. This could be an inexpensive way for certain firms to increase their labour productivity. Second, planters' optimal choice of effort depends on productivity shocks. This means that effort incentives may have heterogenous effects due to the particular shocks experienced by each worker. From the third chapter, I find that involving community leaders in the decision of contributing or not to a public good enhance community cooperation. The presence of local leaders triggers cooperative behaviour that is unconditional and independent of the expected actions of other community members.
Two Essays In Labor Economics
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Author : Jörgen Hansen
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 1996
Two Essays In Labor Economics written by Jörgen Hansen and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 1996 with Equal pay for equal work categories.
Two Essays In Labor Economics
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Author : Roger Wayne Sparks
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 1984
Two Essays In Labor Economics written by Roger Wayne Sparks and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 1984 with categories.
Essays In Labor Economics
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Author : Eksten Itay Saporta
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2014
Essays In Labor Economics written by Eksten Itay Saporta and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2014 with categories.
This dissertation studies micro and macro consumption and labor supply behavior. The first two essays study the response of consumption to income shocks and to job loss events, and draw implications to social insurance design. The last two essays turn to the macro picture, studying the behavior of aggregate consumption in the Great Recession, and exploring sources of the high unemployment observed during and in the aftermath of the Great Recession. The first essay is motivated by the documented empirical fact that job loss is associated with both pre- and post-job loss declines in hourly wages and earnings. Using recent data from the Panel Study of Income Dynamics, I show that consumption dynamics mirror these wage dynamics. To account for the consumption dynamics in the data I introduce a correlation between individual hourly wages and job loss into a life-cycle model with self insurance (through savings), social insurance, and endogenous unemployment durations. I find that this model is able to replicate the joint dynamics of wages, job loss and consumption that we observe in the data. I then show that accounting for the correlation between wages and job loss has important implications for the optimal design of unemployment insurance (UI). The consumption smoothing benefits of unemployment insurance are larger, and the cost of insurance lower, than suggested when this correlation is absent. Thus, while a model that assumes away these correlations yields optimal UI replacement rates close to zero, a model that incorporates the correlations predicts optimal rates of 0.54, slightly higher than the current US level. In the second essay we examine the link between wage inequality and consumption inequality using a life cycle model that incorporates household consumption and family labor supply decisions. We focus on the importance of family labor supply as an insurance mechanism to wage shocks and find strong evidence of smoothing of male's and female's permanent shocks to wages. Once family labor supply, assets and taxes are properly accounted for there is little evidence of additional insurance. In the third essay we review the evidence on changes in consumer spending during the Great Recession. We point out three distinctive features of consumption in the Great Recession. First, the drop in consumption was deep and persistent. Consumption per capita fell monotonically throughout the recession showing an overall decline greater than 4 percent from peak to trough. Spending on nondurables and (especially) services fell significantly compared to previous recessions. Second, consumption fell more than disposable income, partly as a result of an increase in government transfers to households. Third, the varying impact the recession has had across age, race, education and wealth groups resulted in a decline in consumption inequality. The last essay studies the role of geographic mobility in explaining the high levels of unemployment during and after the Great Recession. We find that the effect of mobility is always small: Using pre-recession mobility rates, decreased mobility can account for only an 11 basis points increase in the unemployment rate over the period. Using dynamics of renter geographical mobility in this period to calculate homeowner counterfactual mobility, delivers similar results. Using the highest mobility rate observed in the data, reduced mobility accounts for only a 33 basis points increase in the unemployment rate.
Essays In Labor Economics
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Author : Martina Uccioli
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2023
Essays In Labor Economics written by Martina Uccioli and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2023 with categories.
This dissertation studies two distinct issues in the field of labor economics: the labor supply of new mothers and firms' adjustments to changing labor costs. In both cases, I study the effect of labor market policies, both because they provide quasi-exogenous variation in otherwise endogenous variables of interest, and because of the intrinsic interest in studying the welfare implications of specific policies that governments have direct control over. The first two chapters, written jointly with Ludovica Ciasullo, consider how maternal labor supply is impacted by working conditions, and how it in turn affects intrahousehold bargaining and task allocation within the household. In the first chapter we study which work arrangements new mothers choose when allowed to do so, and whether these work arrangements affect their labor supply choices. We exploit the Australian 2009 Fair Work Act, which explicitly entitled parents of young children to request a (reasonable) change in work arrangements. Leveraging variation in the timing of the law, timing of childbirth, and the bite of the law across different occupations and industries, we establish two main results. First, if allowed to request a change in work arrangements, new mothers ask for regularity in their schedule. Second, with regular schedules, working mothers' child penalty declined from a 47 percent drop in hours worked to a 40 percent drop. For the most exposed mothers, the Fair Work Act led to both a doubling in schedule regularity, and a 30% decrease in the child penalty in hours of work. After establishing that an increase in schedule regularity leads to an increase in maternal labor supply, in the second chapter we study how this translates into division of labor within the household. First, we document that at baseline children bring a 40% increase in their parents' active time -- that is, total time spent on paid work, housework, or parenting -- and that this increase falls disproportionately on mothers, by a 2-to-1 ratio. Second, by exploiting the improvement in maternal labor market conditions brought about by the Australian 2009 Fair Work Act, we show that this gendered allocation of time is not affected by improved labor market prospects for women. Finally, we show that mothers who work longer hours reduce housework, but not time spent directly with children, mitigating concerns that maternal participation in the labor market comes at their children's expense. The third chapter, written jointly with Andrea Manera, focuses on how labor costs -- via stringency of labor regulations -- influence firms' innovation choices. We study the impact of employment protection legislation (EPL) on firms' innovation, through an event-study analysis of labor market reforms occurring in Europe over 2000-2016. Data from the Community Innovation Survey reveal that substantial drops in EPL for temporary workers prompt a reallocation of innovation towards the introduction of new products, away from process innovation aimed at cutting labor costs. Among innovative firms, the share of product innovators increases by 15% of the pre-reform value, while the share of firms specializing in process innovation falls by 35%. We develop a theoretical framework of directed technical change to rationalize our findings.
Essays On Labor Economics
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Author :
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2016
Essays On Labor Economics written by and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2016 with categories.
This dissertation has two self-contained chapters in labor economics. In the first chapter, I exploit variation in job arrival rates due to the recession in the early 1980s to understand the relative importance of three main channels — skill accumulation, search, and learning — to an individual's lifetime wage growth, and analyze how these channels interact. Specifically, I construct and estimate a model of on-the-job search, dynamic wage growth, and occupational choice using data from the NLSY79 and O*NET. In my model, workers are heterogeneous in initial cognitive and manual skills, while jobs differ by how intensively these skills are used. Over time, workers sort into occupations for which they are well suited by searching either on the job or off the job as they learn about their comparative advantages and accumulate skills. The estimated model shows that, first, all three channels are important in explaining life-cycle wage growth. Second, the interactions of the three components also play a significant role in life-cycle wage growth. Finally, I use my estimated model to understand the persistent wage losses of individuals who graduate during a recession. I find that skill accumulation, both alone and interacted with the other two channels, is the primary contributor to the long-term effect. Richer parents tend to have richer children, and richer individuals tend to be healthier, especially later in life. In the second chapter, we quantify how much of health and wealth outcomes can be explained by parental inputs made in childhood. To this end, we present a model in which parents invest in the health and human capital of their children, while also allowing for adults to invest in their own health and human capital once they are adult. We calibrate the model to available data on intergenerational health and earnings persistence as well as the cross-sectional distribution of health, wealth and earnings. The model allows us to quantify the intergenerational effect of parental investments on the child's human capital, health and wealth outcomes separately from the effects of the child's own investments as an adult. As a result, the calibrated model sheds light on how income redistribution policies may affect health outcomes, and conversely how health policies can affect income distribution, and importantly how the impact of both types of policies may spill over to subsequent generations.