Earnings Quality In U K Private Firms
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Earnings Quality In U K Private Firms
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Author : Ray Ball
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2009
Earnings Quality In U K Private Firms written by Ray Ball and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2009 with categories.
UK private and public companies face substantially equivalent regulation on auditing, accounting standards and taxes. We hypothesize that private-company financial reporting nevertheless is lower quality due to different market demand, regulation notwithstanding. A large UK sample supports this hypothesis. Quality is operationalized using Basu's (1997) time-series measure of timely loss recognition and a new accruals-based method. The result is not affected by controls for size, leverage, industry membership and auditor size, or by allowing endogenous listing choice. The result enhances understanding of private companies, which are predominant in the economy. It also provides insight into the economics of accounting standards.
Audit Quality And Tax Induced Earnings Management In Uk Private Firms
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Author : Brenda Van Tendeloo
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2007
Audit Quality And Tax Induced Earnings Management In Uk Private Firms written by Brenda Van Tendeloo and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2007 with categories.
Earnings Management In European Private Firms Versus Public Firms
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Author : Jingwen Yang
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2018
Earnings Management In European Private Firms Versus Public Firms written by Jingwen Yang and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2018 with Business categories.
This thesis presents three papers which empirically investigate earnings management (EM) in European private and public firms. Highlighting the importance of private firms, according to the Federation of European Accountants (2016), there are 99% of firms which are registered as private firms, and are considered as the backbone of the European economy. Similarly, there are around 29 million private firms in the U.S., which account for 86% of U.S. firms and generate almost one-half of the nation's GDP. To date there is limited evidence about private firms' EM activities. The thesis attempts to fill this gap by not only analysing EM in private firms, but also by comparing the EM of private firms with that of public firms, and in so doing, assesses whether determinants of EM are similar for both types of firms. The sample used in this study comprises both private and public firms domiciled in 11 European countries for which consolidated financial statements are available for the period from 2001 to 2013. These countries are Belgium, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Italy, The Netherlands, Portugal, Spain, Sweden, and the U.K. In developing the testable hypotheses, the study employs several theoretical frameworks related to EM including the 'opportunistic behaviour' and 'demand' theories.The main aim of the first paper is to assess the extent of EM for private and public firms domiciled in Europe. In particular, this paper examines the degree of EM for both private and public firms by considering, in part, the influence of country-level factors including legal enforcement, investor protection and tax systems, as well as the adoption of IFRS. The empirical results show that private firms are more likely to engage in EM than public firms, and the effects of IFRS in lowering EM is more pronounced for public firms than for private firms. Furthermore, country-level factors including legal enforcement, investor protection rules and tax rates are important determinants of EM. Given that enhancing country-level legal enforcement systems and investor protection may reduce the use of EM further in both private and public firms, the current study suggests that standard-setters should consider some of the country-level variables to better guarantee the quality of accounting information across countries. The second paper examines the accrual based EM of private and public firms domiciled in Europe, and questions whether IFRS adoption has improved EM. The paper further examines whether EM between private and public firms differs in the following three scenarios (i) due to the need to meet earnings benchmarks, (ii) when obtaining external financing and (iii) whenVIthe firm employs a Big4 auditor. The results suggest public firms, in general, have lower EM and report more conservatively than private firms. This result is consistent with the argument that on average public firms need to provide higher quality financial information to investors and other stakeholders relative to private firms. However, the finding suggest public firms' lower EM is mitigated or decreased in the three settings mentioned above. Finally, this paper observes that the EM of public firms has decreased post-IFRS adoption, supporting the view that IFRS has improved the financial reporting quality of public firms. The third paper assesses the degree of real earnings management (REM) for private and public firms domiciled in Europe. This paper further examines some settings that present clear incentives to manage earnings such as (i) to meet earnings benchmarks, (ii) when obtaining external financing, (iii) when leverage is high, and (iv) when losses are large. The empirical results show that public firms engage in more earnings management through real operating activities, and that REM in public firms increased following IFRS adoption, relative to private firms. Furthermore, this study finds that public firms, overall, face stronger incentives to manage earnings than do private firms' managers in the four settings mentioned above. The study contributes not only to the EM literature on non-accrual earnings management, but also the current debate on IFRS adoptions.
Earnings Quality
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Author : Jennifer Francis
language : en
Publisher: Now Publishers Inc
Release Date : 2008
Earnings Quality written by Jennifer Francis and has been published by Now Publishers Inc this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2008 with Business & Economics categories.
This review lays out a research perspective on earnings quality. We provide an overview of alternative definitions and measures of earnings quality and a discussion of research design choices encountered in earnings quality research. Throughout, we focus on a capital markets setting, as opposed, for example, to a contracting or stewardship setting. Our reason for this choice stems from the view that the capital market uses of accounting information are fundamental, in the sense of providing a basis for other uses, such as stewardship. Because resource allocations are ex ante decisions while contracting/stewardship assessments are ex post evaluations of outcomes, evidence on whether, how and to what degree earnings quality influences capital market resource allocation decisions is fundamental to understanding why and how accounting matters to investors and others, including those charged with stewardship responsibilities. Demonstrating a link between earnings quality and, for example, the costs of equity and debt capital implies a basic economic role in capital allocation decisions for accounting information; this role has only recently been documented in the accounting literature. We focus on how the precision of financial information in capturing one or more underlying valuation-relevant constructs affects the assessment and use of that information by capital market participants. We emphasize that the choice of constructs to be measured is typically contextual. Our main focus is on the precision of earnings, which we view as a summary indicator of the overall quality of financial reporting. Our intent in discussing research that evaluates the capital market effects of earnings quality is both to stimulate further research in this area and to encourage research on related topics, including, for example, the role of earnings quality in contracting and stewardship.
Earnings Quality
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Author : Elisa Menicucci
language : en
Publisher: Springer Nature
Release Date : 2019-12-21
Earnings Quality written by Elisa Menicucci and has been published by Springer Nature this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2019-12-21 with Business & Economics categories.
This book provides an overview of earnings quality (EQ) in the context of financial reporting and offers suggestions for defining and measuring it. Although EQ has received increasing attention from investors, creditors, regulators, and researchers in different areas, there are various definitions of it and different approaches for its measurement. The book describes the relationship between EQ and earnings management (EM) since they can be considered related challenges, especially in the context of international financial reporting standards (IAS/IFRSs). EM occurs when managers make discretionary accounting choices that are regarded as either an efficient communication of private information to improve the informativeness of a firm’s current and future performance, or a distorting disclosure to mislead the firm’s true performance. The intentional manipulation of earnings by managers, within the limits allowed by the accounting standards, may alter the usefulness of financial reporting and lead to lower quality of earnings. The use of fair value in financial reporting has created a current debate about the impact it might have on EQ. At times, the high subjectivity in estimating fair value can allow opportunities for the exercise of management judgments and intentional bias, which can reduce the quality of financial reporting. Management discretion can result in high EM and hence in a reduction of EQ. Particularly during difficult financial periods, managers engage in EM to mask the negative effects of the turmoil, and in such circumstances accruals and earnings smoothing are attempts to reduce abnormal variations of earnings in such circumstances. This book is a valuable resource for those interested in wider perspectives on EQ and it adds to the research studies on this topic in the context of financial reporting.
Earnings Quality Across Different Reporting Regimes
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Author : Siming Liu
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2018
Earnings Quality Across Different Reporting Regimes written by Siming Liu and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2018 with categories.
Purpose - Since the UK Companies Act 1981, different reporting standards have developed for different classes of company to reduce the reporting burden on non-listed companies. There are now different regimes for listed, large private, medium sized, small, and micro companies. This strategy raises the issue of whether earnings quality across the different classes of company is comparable. Design/methodology/approach - The paper uses the smoothness of earnings to measure reporting quality across the different types of company from 2006-2013, based on 514,000 observations. Smoothness is an indicator of poor quality.Findings - We find that listed companies have the highest earnings quality, closely followed by small and micro companies. In contrast, large private and medium sized companies have much lower earnings quality. Overall, we find companies which switch between reporting regimes have lower earnings quality. We also find that earnings quality is not affected by the small company exemption from audit.Research limitations/implications - Companies filing abbreviated accounts are excluded since they do not file an income statement. The recent revisions to UK GAAP (FRS102 and FRS105) are not examined due to insufficient data.Practical implications - The Financial Reporting Council's strategy of reducing the financial reporting and auditing obligations for small companies seems not to have significantly affected earnings quality. However, the FRC may need to review the reporting requirements of large private and medium sized companies and also the option of companies to switch between reporting regimes; in these settings earnings quality appears to be weaker.Originality/value - The paper studies the effect of earnings quality across the different reporting regimes in the UK. Novel and important features of the study are that (i) the sample covers a wide variety of small and micro companies which have not been analysed previously, (ii) the results are disaggregated by year, for assurance that the results are not driven by a single rogue year, and (iii) we also address the small company exemption from audit, and the flexibility of non-listed companies to switch between regimes.
Earnings Management In Private Firms
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Author : Morten Nicklas Bigler Jensen
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2019
Earnings Management In Private Firms written by Morten Nicklas Bigler Jensen and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2019 with categories.
Real Earnings Management In Uk Private And Public Firms
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Author : Jesper Haga
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2018
Real Earnings Management In Uk Private And Public Firms written by Jesper Haga and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2018 with categories.
This study analyzes real earnings management among privately held versus publicly listed firms. Our first finding is that public firms engage in more earnings management through operating activities. When a clear incentive to manage earnings in a specific direction is present we continue to find that public firms manage their earnings more than private firms. We reason that capital market pressure and ownership characteristics drive our results. Additional analyses reveal that public firms employ more real earnings management as a proportion of the total earnings management strategy. Furthermore, we find that mitigating factors of real earnings management have stronger impact in public firms. This study contributes to literature on non-accrual earnings management and to the broader understanding about the private vis-à-vis public firm reporting and operating behavior. Finally, we contribute by identifying an important societal cost of stock market listing, which is the increase in potentially value-destroying real earnings management.
Earnings Quality And Earnings Management
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Author : Sanjay Wikash Bissessur
language : en
Publisher: Rozenberg Publishers
Release Date : 2005
Earnings Quality And Earnings Management written by Sanjay Wikash Bissessur and has been published by Rozenberg Publishers this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2005 with categories.
Earnings Management In European Private Firms Versus Public Firms
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Author :
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2018
Earnings Management In European Private Firms Versus Public Firms written by and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2018 with categories.