Economic Mobility And The Rise Of The Latin American Middle Class
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Economic Mobility And The Rise Of The Latin American Middle Class
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Author : Francisco H. G. Ferreira
language : en
Publisher: World Bank Publications
Release Date : 2012-11-09
Economic Mobility And The Rise Of The Latin American Middle Class written by Francisco H. G. Ferreira and has been published by World Bank Publications this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2012-11-09 with Business & Economics categories.
After decades of stagnation, the size of Latin America's middle class recently expanded to the point where, for the first time ever, the number of people in poverty is equal to the size of the middle class. This volume investigates the nature, determinants and possible consequences of this remarkable process of social transformation. We propose an original definition of the middle class, tailor-made for Latin America, centered on the concept of economic security and thus a low probability of falling into poverty. Given our definition of the middle class, there are four, not three, classes in Latin America. Sandwiched between the poor and the middle class there lies a large group of people who appear to make ends meet well enough, but do not enjoy the economic security that would be required for membership of the middle class. We call this group the 'vulnerable'. In an almost mechanical sense, these transformations in Latin America reflect both economic growth and declining inequality in over the period. We adopt a measure of mobility that decomposes the 'gainers' and 'losers' in society by social class of each household. The continent has experienced a large amount of churning over the last 15 years, at least 43% of all Latin Americans changed social classes between the mid 1990s and the end of the 2000s. Despite the upward mobility trend, intergenerational mobility, a better proxy for inequality of opportunity, remains stagnant. Educational achievement and attainment remain to be strongly dependent upon parental education levels. Despite the recent growth in pro-poor programs, the middle class has benefited disproportionally from social security transfers and are increasingly opting out from government services. Central to the region's prospects of continued progress will be its ability to harness the new middle class into a new, more inclusive social contract, where the better-off pay their fair share of taxes, and demand improved public services.
Latin America S Emerging Middle Classes
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Author : J. Dayton-Johnson
language : en
Publisher: Springer
Release Date : 2015-01-27
Latin America S Emerging Middle Classes written by J. Dayton-Johnson and has been published by Springer this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2015-01-27 with Political Science categories.
Politicians, business leaders and citizens look with hope to the Latin American middle class for political stability and purchasing power, but the economic position of the middle class remains vulnerable. The contributors document the remarkable emergence of this middle group in Latin America, whose measurement turns out not to be an easy task.
Entrepreneurship In Latin America
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Author : Eduardo Lora
language : en
Publisher: World Bank Publications
Release Date : 2013-12-18
Entrepreneurship In Latin America written by Eduardo Lora and has been published by World Bank Publications this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2013-12-18 with Business & Economics categories.
This book looks at both the potential and limits of policies to promote entrepreneurship as an important vehicle for social mobility in Latin America and the Caribbean. Who are the region's entrepreneurs? They tend to be middle-aged males with secondary and, often, tertiary education who represent only a small segment of the economically active population in the six countries considered in this book. They come from families in which a parent is, or was, an entrepreneur. In fact, a parent's occupation is more important in the decision to become an entrepreneur than a parent's wealth, income or education. Middle class entrepreneurship tends to dominate the sample in part since this is the majority class in society. However, as a percentage of each social class, entrepreneurship tends to be higher in the upper class, followed by the middle and lower class. Entrepreneurs concentrate in micro enterprises with fewer than five employees. They enjoy greater social mobility than employees and the self-employed, but this mobility is not always in the upward direction. Entrepreneurs face multiple obstacles including stifling bureaucracy, burdensome tax procedures, and lack of financing, human capital, technological skills, and supportive networks. The support of family and friends and a modicum of social capital help cope with these obstacles to entrepreneurship.
The Palgrave Handbook Of Contemporary International Political Economy
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Author : Timothy M. Shaw
language : en
Publisher: Springer
Release Date : 2018-12-19
The Palgrave Handbook Of Contemporary International Political Economy written by Timothy M. Shaw and has been published by Springer this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2018-12-19 with Political Science categories.
Published 35 years after Palgrave Macmillan’s landmark International Political Economy (IPE) series was first founded, this Handbook captures the state of the art of contemporary IPE. It draws on the series’ history of focusing on the oft-neglected study of the global South. Providing interdisciplinary perspectives from scholars hailing from the global North and South, the Handbook illustrates the theoretical innovations and empirical richness necessary to explain today’s ever-changing world. This is a world in which the global South and North are not only being transformed by the end of bipolarity and the rise of the BRICS, but also by diverse global crises and growing cross-border challenges. It is a world where human development, governance and security are becoming ever more elusive, where, profoundly altered by the rise of new technologies, the structure of relations between nations itself is changing, becoming increasingly interconnected, both digitally and physically. Understanding these issues is of critical importance to better anticipate current and future global transformations. This Handbook is the ideal primer for all scholars, practitioners and policy makers looking to do so.
Latin American Economic Outlook 2016 Towards A New Partnership With China
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Author : OECD
language : en
Publisher: OECD Publishing
Release Date : 2015-12-12
Latin American Economic Outlook 2016 Towards A New Partnership With China written by OECD and has been published by OECD Publishing this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2015-12-12 with categories.
The Latin American Economic Outlook 2016 is devoted to the evolving relationship between Latin America and China, as well as its prospects in the long term.
The Middle Class In World Society
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Author : Christian Suter
language : en
Publisher: Taylor & Francis
Release Date : 2020-05-21
The Middle Class In World Society written by Christian Suter and has been published by Taylor & Francis this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2020-05-21 with Political Science categories.
This volume delves into the study of the world’s emerging middle class. With essays on Europe, the United States, Africa, Latin America, and Asia, the book studies recent trends and developments in middle class evolution at the global, regional, national, and local levels. It reconsiders the conceptualization of the middle class, with a focus on the diversity of middle class formation in different regions and zones of world society. It also explores middle class lifestyles and everyday experiences, including experiences of social mobility, feelings of insecurity and anxiety, and even middle class engagement with social activism. Drawing on extensive fieldwork and in-depth interviews, the book provides a sophisticated analysis of this new and rapidly expanding socioeconomic group and puts forth some provocative ideas for intellectual and policy debates. It will be of importance to students and researchers of sociology, economics, development studies, political studies, Latin American studies, and Asian Studies.
The Puzzle Of Latin American Economic Development
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Author : Patrice Franko
language : en
Publisher: Rowman & Littlefield
Release Date : 2018-09-07
The Puzzle Of Latin American Economic Development written by Patrice Franko and has been published by Rowman & Littlefield this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2018-09-07 with Political Science categories.
Thoroughly revised and updated, this foundational text provides the basic economic tools for students to understand the problems facing the countries of Latin America. In the fourth edition, Patrice Franko analyzes challenges to the neoliberal model of development and highlights recent macroeconomic changes in the region. Including charts and tables with the most current data available, the book also offers a wealth of new boxed discussions and vignettes.
The Takeover Of Social Policy By Financialization
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Author : Lena Lavinas
language : en
Publisher: Springer
Release Date : 2017-03-25
The Takeover Of Social Policy By Financialization written by Lena Lavinas and has been published by Springer this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2017-03-25 with Business & Economics categories.
This book critically addresses the model of social inclusion that prevailed in Brazil under the rule of the Workers Party from the early 2000s until 2015. It examines how the emergence of a mass consumer society proved insufficient, not only to overcome underdevelopment, but also to consolidate the comprehensive social protection system inherited from Brazil’s 1988 Constitution. By juxtaposing different theoretical frameworks, this book scrutinizes how the current finance-dominated capitalism has reshaped the role of social policy, away from rights-based decommodified benefits and towards further commodification. This constitutes the Brazilian paradox: how a center-left government has promoted and boosted financialization through a market incorporation strategy using credit as a lever for expanding financial inclusion. In so doing, it has pushed the subjection of social policy further into the logic of financial markets.
Left Behind
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Author : Renos Vakis
language : en
Publisher: World Bank Publications
Release Date : 2016-07-26
Left Behind written by Renos Vakis and has been published by World Bank Publications this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2016-07-26 with Business & Economics categories.
One out of every five Latin Americans or around 130 million people have never known anything but poverty, subsisting on less than US$4-a-day throughout their lives. These are the region ́s chronically poor, who have remained so despite unprecedented inroads against poverty in Latin America and the Caribbean since the turn of the century. Left Behind: Chronic Poverty in Latin America and the Caribbean takes a closer look at the region’s entrenched poor, who and where they are, and how existing policies need to change in order to effectively assist them. The book shows significant variations of rates of chronic poverty both across and within countries. Within a single country, some regions show incidence rates up to eight times higher than the lowest. Despite the higher rates of chronic poverty in rural areas, chronic poverty is as much an urban as a rural issue. In fact, considering absolute numbers, urban areas in many countries, including Chile, Brazil, Mexico, Colombia and the Dominican Republic, have more chronic poor than rural areas. Undoubtedly the region has come a long way during the decade in terms of poverty reduction, guided by a mix of sustained growth and increased levels in amounts and quality of public spending and programs targeted directly or indirectly to the chronic poor. While improving endowments and the context where the chronic poor live is a necessary condition going forward, the decade’s experience suggests that it may not be enough to reach the chronic poor. The book posits that refinements to the existing policy toolkit †“ as opposed to more programs †“ may come a long way in helping the remaining poor. These refinements include intensifying efforts to improve coordination between different social and economic programs, which can boost the income generation process and deal with the intergenerational transmission of chronic poverty by investing in early childhood development. Equally important though, there is an urgent need to adapt programs to directly address the psychological toll of chronic poverty on people’s mindset and aspirations, which currently undermines the effectiveness of the existing policy efforts.
Research On Economic Inequality
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Author : Sanghamitra Bandyopadhyay
language : en
Publisher: Emerald Group Publishing
Release Date : 2021-12-02
Research On Economic Inequality written by Sanghamitra Bandyopadhyay and has been published by Emerald Group Publishing this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2021-12-02 with Business & Economics categories.
This volume of Research on Economic Inequality contains research on how we measure poverty, inequality and welfare and how these measurements contribute towards policies for social mobility. The volume contains eleven papers, some of which focus on the uneven impact of the Covid-19 pandemic on poverty and welfare.