Economic Sanctions And Human Security
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Economic Sanctions And Human Security
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Author : Dursun Peksen
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2011
Economic Sanctions And Human Security written by Dursun Peksen and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2011 with categories.
Despite the abundance of country-specific evidence and policy debate on the humanitarian effects of sanctions, there has not been any cross-national empirical research that examines the human cost of sanctions. In this study, I offer a quantitative analysis of the effect that economic sanctions have on public health conditions in target countries. I use the child mortality rate among under five-year olds as a proxy for health status and utilize time-series cross-nation data for the 1970-2000 period. According to the results, the public health effect of sanctions is largely conditional on the extent to which economic coercion is costly on the target economy. The US as a sender is also likely to increase the negative impact of sanctions on public health conditions. The economic wealth of target countries is unlikely to play any significant interactive role in mitigating the effect of economic coercion on public health. Similarly, the involvement of an intergovernmental organization (IGO) in sanction imposition has no discernable impact on child mortality.
Economic Sanctions And Human Security
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Author : Jin Mun Jeong
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2018
Economic Sanctions And Human Security written by Jin Mun Jeong and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2018 with categories.
A large body of scholarship have shown that economic sanctions cause human suffering in target states. This unintended negative effect of sanctions might undermine legitimacy international sanctions regime. However, grave humanitarian consequences are by no means an inevitable outcome of economic sanctions. This research explores the conditions under which economic sanctions bring about humanitarian pains in targets. I suggest that sanctions instrument is an important determinant to examine humanitarian consequences of economic sanctions. Specifically, trade sanctions negatively affect human security by restraining essential humanitarian goods inflow and inflicting economic costs on the vulnerable people. On the other hand, foreign aid sanctions neither directly prevent humanitarian goods imports nor disproportionately hurt the vulnerable class of targets. In the empirical tests, I examine health adjusted life expectancy of 159 countries from 1995 to 2010 as an indicator of human security. The findings imply that human suffering of target states of sanctions is mainly attributed to trade sanctions, but aid sanctions have no systematic negative effect.
The Effects Of U N Comprehensive Economic Sanctions On Human Security
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Author : Jay Robert Loschky
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2007
The Effects Of U N Comprehensive Economic Sanctions On Human Security written by Jay Robert Loschky and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2007 with categories.
The object of this thesis is to closely examine the occurrence of patterns in th e results of United Nations comprehensive economic sanctions. Comparing effects on key indicators in targeted nations with functional equivalencies, this study serves to determine where or where not there are predictable humanitarian conse quences to robust sanctions regimes in efforts to fill a knowledge gap in the st udy of sanctions. With the increased imposition of multilateral sanctions following the downfall of the Soviet Union, three nations, Iraq, Yugoslavia, and Haiti have been subjec ted to comprehensive sanctions. Dividing each of these countries into case studi es, the net effects of sanctions are examined through five categories, four of w hich are considered pillars of human security: health, nutrition, water and sani tation, and education, while the last category, the economy, is pertinent as the enabler of the other four categories. Although the effects of sanctions on several categories are easily quantifiable , this study seeks to use qualitative information as well in efforts to better i lluminate the unique effects of sanctions on the human condition. Building caus al relationships as to how sanctions effect the major elements of human security , secondary sources as well as primary studies by NGOs, UN agencies, and local g overnments are utilized to reveal the greater picture. The effects of sanctions on each category are catalogued through case studies and are later balanced to find patterns on how sanctions function, where they consistently take effect, an d where their effects are more negligible This issue is of particular significance to the Middle East not only in the con text of Iran but also as a result of the omnipresent threat of sanctions against Syria and the fact that half of all comprehensive UN sanctions have been implem ented against Muslim states. Because of the prevalence of sanctions in the post cold war world and due to their politicized nature as a weapon between words an d war in a world less disposed to military action, there is reason to believe th at sanctions will continue to be a weapon of choice throughout the world and esp ecially in the politically charged Middle East.
Economic Sanctions And Development
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Author : Hans Köchler
language : en
Publisher: International Progress Organization
Release Date : 1999
Economic Sanctions And Development written by Hans Köchler and has been published by International Progress Organization this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 1999 with Economic development categories.
Economic Sanctions Against Human Rights Violations
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Author : Buhm-Suk Baek
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2010
Economic Sanctions Against Human Rights Violations written by Buhm-Suk Baek and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2010 with categories.
The idea of human rights protection, historically, has been considered as a domestic matter, to be realized by individual states within their domestic law and national institutions. The protection and promotion of human rights, however, have become one of the most important issues for the international community as a whole. Yet, with time, it has become increasingly difficult for the international community to address human rights problems collectively. Despite a significant development in the human rights norms, effective protection of fundamental human rights and their legal enforcement has a long way to go. This paper will argue that economic sanctions can contribute to a decrease in individual states' human rights violations and can be an effective enforcement tool for international law. The international community, including the U.N., should impose effective economic sanctions against states where gross human rights violators are. Economic sanctions have been widely used by the U.N. since the end of the Cold War. Their purpose is generally not to punish the individual state but to modify its behavior. However, such sanctions conflict with other fundamental principles of international law, namely the principle of non-intervention and state sovereignty. Economic sanctions can also conflict with the WTO's first agenda: free trade. Even worse, economic sanctions are criticized because these sanctions are, arguably, targeted at the people at large, not to the regime, a violator of international norms. This paper will review the role of economic sanctions in international human rights law. Chapter II examines the principle of non-intervention and whether its exceptions are in international human rights law. Chapter III reviews the doctrines and practices of economic sanctions for human rights protection by the U.N. Security Council, the U.S., and the E.U. Chapter IV examines the legality of the economic sanctions against human rights violations under the WTO system and reviews the possibility of the harmonization of international economic law with international human rights law. Lastly, Chapter V concludes by emphasizing the importance of economic sanctions against human rights violations. Based on the research outlined above, this paper concludes as follows: Chapter II maintains that the relationship between human rights and state sovereignty should and can be complementary. The protection and promotion of human rights can be enhanced with a respect for state sovereignty. In other words, each individual state has a responsibility to protect and promote the human rights of its own nationals based upon the principle of sovereignty. State sovereignty and independence should serve not as a hurdle to, but as a guarantee for the realization of the fundamental human rights of the state's nationals. Chapter II also concludes that the concept of human rights has been expanded and the core human rights are inalienable and legally enforceable ones. The evolvement of international human rights law is one of the most remarkable innovations in modern international law. If gross human rights violations, especially those established by the status of Jus Cogens or obligations Erga Omnes, are not solved by a state itself, it is no longer solely the problem of the state concerned. Fundamental human rights have acquired a status of universality and the international community should accept this. Chapter III reviews the doctrines and practices of economic sanctions for human rights protection by the U.N. Security Council, the U.S., and the E.U. All cases of economic sanctions against gross human rights violations discussed, ten by the Security Council, five by the U.S. and seven by the E.U., were provided as samples to illustrate the idea that economic sanctions by the international community as a whole bolster fundamental human rights. This paper concludes that the sanctions by the Security Council, the U.S. and the E.U. have at least some positive effects on international human rights law. They build international human rights norms. This development also leads to the growing willingness of the international community to impose economic sanctions for human rights protection. Undeniably, economic sanctions have had some negative effects on the targeted states. In numerous reports and articles, scholars and human rights advocates have constantly argued that economic sanctions hurt large numbers of innocent civilians in the targeted states. Economic sanctions, however, cannot be the sole cause of civilian suffering in the targeted states. The targeted states should bear the heavy burden of responsibility for this suffering. It is undeniable that economic sanctions have inherent flaws. But, this paper disagrees with arguments for opposing the use of economic sanctions because of such flaws and negative effects. The problem is not in the sanctions themselves, but in their effect. Therefore, the criticism on economic sanctions should focus on finding a way to decrease their negative effects, rather than arguing for not imposing them without providing a better alternative. Overall, this chapter concludes that economic sanctions have become part of a collective effort by the international community to develop current human rights norms and to protect and promote fundamental human rights in the targeted states. Chapter IV concludes that while economic sanctions are inherently against the free trade provisions of the GATT, economic sanctions against gross human rights violations are allowed under the exceptional provisions of the GATT in the WTO system. This paper also argues that the GATT should be interpreted consistently with international law. That is, trade restriction measures against gross human rights violations are compatible with the GATT. As discussed in Chapter II and III, fundamental human rights violations are no longer just the domestic concern of each individual state. The evolvement of international human rights law demonstrates that, first, international human rights norms recognized as Jus Cogens provide the legality for the international community's intervention in offending states; and second, the Erga Omnes status of international human rights norms shows that every state has an interest in other states observing these human rights norms. Overall, while some economic sanctions may conflict with the main goal of the WTO, i.e. free trade, economic sanctions against human rights violations do not undermine the WTO system itself. Rather, they can be adapted to the WTO's free trade framework under international law. Since the adoption of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights in 1948, there has been a significant evolution toward the universality of human rights. However, international legal enforcement systems for human rights norms are still underdeveloped despite the considerable progress in international human rights law. This paper concludes that economic sanctions can contribute to a decrease in individual states' human rights violations and can be an effective enforcement tool for international law.
United Nations Sanctions And International Law
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Author : Vera Gowlland-Debbas
language : en
Publisher: BRILL
Release Date : 2021-11-15
United Nations Sanctions And International Law written by Vera Gowlland-Debbas and has been published by BRILL this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2021-11-15 with Law categories.
The reactivation of the Security Council at the beginning of the last decade has resulted, since the invasion of Kuwait by Iraq on August 2, l990, in increasing use of its powers under Chapter VII of the Charter and the adoption of measures against a number of state and non-state entities. The notion of a threat to the peace has now come to encompass violations of fundamental norms of international law such as human rights and humanitarian law, and the wide-ranging measures adopted have included such innovations as the establishment of the UN Compensation Commission or that of the two international criminal tribunals for Former Yugoslavia and Rwanda. These measures have not only infringed on the legal rights of the targeted state (sometimes with irreversible effects where they have remained in force over a long period of time) and its population, but also on those of implementing states and of private rights within these states. The current debate over the legitimacy and long-term effects of economic sanctions on states and their populations makes it imperative to re-evaluate this instrument and the broader peace maintenance function of the Security Council in the light of current community concerns. Part One of this book addresses the theoretical issues by focussing on: 1) The place of sanctions in the international legal system; 2) the limits to the powers of the Security Council and the question of accountability; and 3) an assessment of the alternatives to collective economic sanctions. Part Two looks at the relationship between sanctions and humanitarian issues, examining the relationship between: 1) Sanctions and human rights law; 2) sanctions, humanitarian issues and mandates; and 3) sanctions and humanitarian law. Part Three focuses on implementation by states of Security Council sanctions resolutions by examining: 1) Sanctions and private rights; and 2) special problems for implementing states. Part Four addresses the future in reassessing the place and ethics of sanctions in an international legal system which is giving increased importance to the individual. This work is based on papers presented at a colloquium of the Graduate Institute of International Studies in Geneva.
Human Security Studies
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Author : Sorpong Peou
language : en
Publisher: World Scientific Publishing Company
Release Date : 2014-03-31
Human Security Studies written by Sorpong Peou and has been published by World Scientific Publishing Company this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2014-03-31 with Political Science categories.
Human Security Studies: Theories, Methods and Themes examines the concept of human security from different theoretical and methodological perspectives and shows how they help shed light on the different themes of global intervention. Liberal perspectives, represented by global legalism and developmentalism, share the optimism that human security can be ensured and enhanced through strengthening global governance. Realists remain skeptical about this liberal vision. While also critical of the liberal promise, critical theorists and feminists offer radical perspectives on human security. All these perspectives help explain the challenges of military intervention for human protection, micro-disarmament, international criminal justice, smart sanctions, human rights and democracy promotion, and human development.
Research Handbook On Economic Sanctions
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Author : van Bergeijk, Peter A.G.
language : en
Publisher: Edward Elgar Publishing
Release Date : 2021-12-10
Research Handbook On Economic Sanctions written by van Bergeijk, Peter A.G. and has been published by Edward Elgar Publishing this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2021-12-10 with Business & Economics categories.
Peter van Bergeijk brings together 40 leading experts from all continents to analyze state-of-the-art data covering the sharp increase in (smart) sanctions in the last decade. Original chapters provide detailed analyses on the determinants of sanction success and failure, complemented with research on the impact of sanctions.
International Sanctions How Do They Affect A Country S Economic And Financial System
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Author : Hatam Ansari
language : en
Publisher: GRIN Verlag
Release Date : 2021-01-28
International Sanctions How Do They Affect A Country S Economic And Financial System written by Hatam Ansari and has been published by GRIN Verlag this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2021-01-28 with Business & Economics categories.
Bachelor Thesis from the year 2020 in the subject Economics - International Economic Relations, grade: 82/110, University of Siena, course: economics & banking, language: English, abstract: In the current era, the international relation among countries has a great importance because countries are more in need of each other as their societies and economies get involved together. As we can see these days a lot of countries do trading among them which make them better off in economic situation, and some countries have created a union together to facilities their trading and relations such as European Union. Still there are some countries which disobey international laws, and they do not respect human rights or they threat the international peace and security, so they can be expelled from international unions and communities, one of the main and strong tools to do so is, international sanction which can be imposed to those countries. International sanctions have become an important and most usable tool in international politics, as the US and UN are playing the main actors in imposing sanctions. International sanctions are part of diplomatic attempts by countries against countries, organizations or a person, with aim to protect national security or to protect international laws and human rights. Sanction principally has a limited time which target the economy, trade, diplomacy, culture of targeted country and can be lifted when the motivating security concerns no longer apply, in some cases can be renewed or be more intense to put targeted country under more pressure. This practice can be one of the most effective weapons of the international community with offenders. Sanctions are with aim and not a ruthless one-sided weapon, and the aim is to dissuade the offending country from acting or to bring it to the negotiating table. International sanction basically targets economy and diplomacy, however according to the international economist and researchers, economic sanctions are criticized for not being successful in achieving their goal and for having a negative effect on human rights, democracy, poverty, healthcare and basic living condition which can have more negative impacts on the people of Third World countries. Sanctions are technically divided into four groups, which they are UN SECURITY COUNCIL, EU SANCTIONS, UNILATERAL SANCTIONS OF GOVERNMENTS AND US CONGRESS SANCTIONS, each with its own approval and repeal mechanism.
The Evolution Of Un Sanctions
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Author : Enrico Carisch
language : en
Publisher: Springer
Release Date : 2017-10-27
The Evolution Of Un Sanctions written by Enrico Carisch and has been published by Springer this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2017-10-27 with Social Science categories.
Marking the 50th anniversary of UN sanctions, this work examines the evolution of sanctions from a primary instrument of economic warfare to a tool of prevention and protection against global conflicts and human rights abuses. The rise of sanctions as a versatile and frequently used tool to confront the challenges of armed conflicts, terrorism, the proliferation of weapons of mass destruction and violations of international humanitarian and human rights law, is rooted in centuries of trial and error of coercive diplomacy. The authors examine the history of UN sanctions and their potential for confronting emerging and future threats, including: cyberterrorism and information warfare, environmental crimes, and corruption. This work begins with a historical overview of sanctions and the development of the United Nations system. It then explores the consequences of the superpowers' Cold War stalemate, the role of the Non-Aligned Movement, and the subsequent transformation from a blunt, comprehensive approach to smart and fairer sanctions. By calibrating its embargoes, asset freezes and travel bans, the UN developed a set of tools to confront the new category of risk actors: armed non-state actors and militias, global terrorists, arms merchants and conflict minerals, and cyberwarriors. Section II analyzes all thirty UN sanctions regimes adopted over the past fifty years. These narratives explore the contemporaneous political and security context that led to the introduction of specific sanctions measures and enforcement efforts, often spearheaded for good or ill by the permanent five members of the Security Council. Finally, Section III offers a qualitative analysis of the UN sanctions system to identify possible areas for improvements to the current Security Council structure dominated by the five veto-wielding victors of World War II. This work will be of interest to researchers and practitioners in criminal justice, particularly with an interest in security, as well as related fields such as international relations and political science.