Effectiveness Of Winter Larviciding As A Malaria Vector Control Intervention In Selected Rural Areas Of Botswana And Zimbabwe
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Effectiveness Of Winter Larviciding As A Malaria Vector Control Intervention In Selected Rural Areas Of Botswana And Zimbabwe
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Author : Mulamuli Mpofu
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2018
Effectiveness Of Winter Larviciding As A Malaria Vector Control Intervention In Selected Rural Areas Of Botswana And Zimbabwe written by Mulamuli Mpofu and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2018 with categories.
Introduction Successful control of malaria vectors requires the control of the larval and the adult stages. There is currently enough evidence on effectiveness of adult control methods through indoor residual spraying and insecticide treated nets, and these remain the main vector control methods in both Botswana and Zimbabwe. However, the growing resistance to insecticides used for indoor residual spraying and for treating long lasting insecticide treated nets is threatening the successes towards malaria elimination in the two countries. There is therefore need for implementation of other complimentary interventions such as larviciding. Products for implementing larviciding are available but the implementation is affected by insufficient evidence on the effectiveness of this strategy, particularly in rural areas. Both Botswana and Zimbabwe implement larviciding to some extent but the national malaria control programs of the two countries have not quantified the contribution of the intervention towards the overall malaria response. This study was conducted to assess the effectiveness of larviciding in selected rural areas of Botswana and Zimbabwe, particularly on larval density and adult mosquito density. Materials and Methods An experimental study was conducted in Molalatau and Mathathane villages of Botswana and Ward 33 (also known as Birchnough Bridge) of Zimbabwe. In Botswana, Mathathane was used as an intervention village while Molalatau was a control village. In Birchnough Bridge of Zimbabwe, the northern side of the ward (also known as Pfupi village) was used as an intervention while the southern part (also known as Tamanikwa village) was used as the control. The two villages in Zimbabwe were separated by the irrigation fields which acted as a buffer. Implementation of the intervention and data collection started at the end of May in Zimbabwe and in July in Botswana. Within both the intervention and control areas, all larval habitats were identified and mapped using portable hand-held geographic positioning system devices. Habitats in the intervention areas were treated using the commercial larvicide VectoBac©30́9 (Bacillus thuringiensis var. israelensis [Bti]) through community volunteers identified with the help of the local national malaria control programs. Every fortnight, larval counts were made from selected breeding habitats in both the intervention and control villages/wards to determine the effectiveness of the larvicide on the larvae. Within the same interval, adult mosquito sampling was conducted using exit window traps to capture mosquitoes which would enter houses for a blood meal and then want to rest outdoors. Pyrethrum spray catches were used to capture indoor resting mosquitoes. All sampled larvae and captured adult mosquitoes were identified to genera. Additionally, interviews were conducted with members of the community to understand their perceptions on effectiveness and acceptability of larviciding. Random-effects Poisson regression was used to compare intervention with control areas with respect to larval and adult mosquito counts. This was done using Stata Release 13, (StataCorp, College Station, TX: StataCorp LP). The incidence rate ratio (IRR) for treatment was of primary importance. Thematic analysis was used to analyse qualitative data from the interviews. Findings There was a significant overall effect of 92% and 65% on mosquito larvae in study sites of Botswana and Zimbabwe respectively following the application of larvicide (p
Working To Overcome The Global Impact Of Neglected Tropical Diseases
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Author : World Health Organization. Department of Control of Neglected Tropical Diseases
language : en
Publisher: World Health Organization
Release Date : 2010
Working To Overcome The Global Impact Of Neglected Tropical Diseases written by World Health Organization. Department of Control of Neglected Tropical Diseases and has been published by World Health Organization this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2010 with Medical categories.
"Neglected tropical diseases (NTDs) blight the lives of a billion people worldwide and threaten the health of millions more. These ancient companions of poverty weaken impoverished populations, frustrate the achievement of health in the Millennium Development Goals and impede global health and economies has convinced governments, donors, the pharmaceutical industry and other agencies, including nongovernmental organizations (NGOs), to invest in preventing and controlling this diverse group of diseases. Global efforts to control "hidden" diseases, such as dracunculiasis (guinea-worm disease), leprosy, gains including the imminent eradication of dracunculiasis. Since 1989 (when most endemic countries began reporting monthly from each endemic village), the number of new dracunculiasis cases has fallen from 892 055 in 12 endemic countries to 3190 in 4 countries in 2009, a decrease of more than 99%. The World Health Organization (WHO) recommends five public-health strategies for the prevention and control of NTDs: preventive chemotherapy; intensified case-management; vector control; the provision of safe water, sanitation and hygiene; and veterinary public health (that is, applying veterinary sciences to ensure the health and well-being of humans). Although one approach and delivered locally." - p. vii
Gis For Health And The Environment
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Author : Don De Savigny
language : en
Publisher: IDRC
Release Date : 1995
Gis For Health And The Environment written by Don De Savigny and has been published by IDRC this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 1995 with Electronic books categories.
GIS for Health and the Environment
The Prevention Of Malaria
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Author : Ronald Ross
language : en
Publisher: Franklin Classics
Release Date : 2018-10-13
The Prevention Of Malaria written by Ronald Ross and has been published by Franklin Classics this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2018-10-13 with categories.
This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. To ensure a quality reading experience, this work has been proofread and republished using a format that seamlessly blends the original graphical elements with text in an easy-to-read typeface. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.
Worms And Human Disease
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Author : Ralph Muller
language : en
Publisher: CABI
Release Date : 2002
Worms And Human Disease written by Ralph Muller and has been published by CABI this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2002 with Medical categories.
This second edition of the popular advanced student textbook (previously published as Worms and Disease: A Manual of Medical Helminthology) has been thoroughly updated and revised since it was first published in 1975. It is an authoritative handbook covering all human helminth infections with particular emphasis on diagnosis, treatment, clinical manifestations, pathogenesis, epidemiology and control. Practical guidelines are given for estimating the clinical and public significance of helminthiases, vital in areas where the majority of inhabitants are infected with many helminths but only a few are sick.
Anopheles Gambiae In Brazil 1930 To 1940
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Author : Fred Lowe Soper
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2012-09-01
Anopheles Gambiae In Brazil 1930 To 1940 written by Fred Lowe Soper and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2012-09-01 with categories.
History Of The Malaria Epidemic In Brazil From The Mosquito Invader.
Malaria And Babesiosis
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Author : I. Ristic
language : en
Publisher: Springer
Release Date : 2012-01-20
Malaria And Babesiosis written by I. Ristic and has been published by Springer this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2012-01-20 with Medical categories.
Communicable Disease Epidemiology And Control
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Author : Roger Webber
language : en
Publisher: Cabi
Release Date : 2005
Communicable Disease Epidemiology And Control written by Roger Webber and has been published by Cabi this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2005 with Medical categories.
This second edition focuses on the epidemiology and control of infectious diseases common in tropical, developing and developed countries. It has 19 chapters. The first chapters (1-4) discuss the theory and control methods with practical help on how to implement them. Chapter 5 presents the different notification and health regulations. Chapters 6-17 describe the different aspects of infectious diseases classified according to transmission: water-washed, faecal-oral, foodborne, soilborne, waterborne, skin contact, airborne, body fluid contact, insectborne and zoonotic diseases. Chapter 18 discusses the new and potential diseases, and Chapter 19 presents a list of infectious diseases. The entire book has been revised and rearranged, and includes new sections on global warming, socioeconomic aspects, recent outbreaks that have emerged since the first edition and others that may become important in the future. This book will prove an essential tool for doctors, epidemiologists and those working in the control of infectious diseases, as well as providing a clear introduction for medical students, public health specialists and those involved in disease control.
Towards Malaria Elimination
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Author : Sylvie Manguin
language : en
Publisher: BoD – Books on Demand
Release Date : 2018-07-18
Towards Malaria Elimination written by Sylvie Manguin and has been published by BoD – Books on Demand this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2018-07-18 with Medical categories.
Towards Malaria Elimination - A Leap Forward was started to mark the occasion for renewed commitment to end malaria transmission for good (the WHO's call for "Malaria Free World" by 2030). This book is dedicated for the benefit of researchers, scientists, program and policy managers, students and anyone interested in malaria and other mosquito-borne diseases with the goal of sharing recent information on success stories, innovative control approaches and challenges in different regions of the world. Some main issues that emerged included multidrug-resistant malaria and pandemic risk, vaccines, cross-border malaria, asymptomatic parasite reservoir, the threat of Plasmodium vivax and Plasmodium knowlesi, insecticide resistance in Anopheles vectors and outdoor malaria transmission. This book is one little step forward to bring together in 17 chapters the experiences of malaria-expert researchers from five continents to present updated information on disease epidemiology and control at the national/regional level, highlighting the constraints, challenges, accomplishments and prospects of malaria elimination.
Children S Health And The Environment
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Author : Jenny Pronczuk-Garbino
language : en
Publisher: WHO
Release Date : 2005-01-01
Children S Health And The Environment written by Jenny Pronczuk-Garbino and has been published by WHO this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2005-01-01 with Medical categories.
"The manual ... is intended as an introductory resource tool for health professionals around the world, and especially in developing countries, who aim to increase their knowledge and understanding of children and environmental health."--P. vii.