Effects Of Fire Insect And Pathogen Damage On Wood Quality Of Dead And Dying Western Conifers
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Effects Of Fire Insect And Pathogen Damage On Wood Quality Of Dead And Dying Western Conifers
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Author : Eini C. Lowell
language : en
Publisher: DIANE Publishing
Release Date : 2010-10
Effects Of Fire Insect And Pathogen Damage On Wood Quality Of Dead And Dying Western Conifers written by Eini C. Lowell and has been published by DIANE Publishing this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2010-10 with Nature categories.
Contents: Intro.; The Changing Mgmt. Context; Previous Studies on Effects of Disturbance on Wood Quality; After the Fire: Changes in Dead and Dying Conifers; Predicting Conifer Mortality Following Fires; Types of Changes in the Wood of Dead Conifers; Insect Damage to Conifers; Stain and Decay Fungi Damage to Conifers; Factors Influencing the Rate of Deterioration; Species-Specific Changes in Wood Quality of Dead and Dying Conifers; Douglas-Fir; Englemann Spruce and White Spruce; Grand Fir and White Fir; Lodgepole Pine; Ponderosa, Sugar, Western White, and Jeffrey Pine; Subalpine Fir; Western Hemlock; Western Larch; Wood Quality Changes and Econ. Values; Visual Classification Systems; Volume and Value Loss. Conclusions.
Effects Of Fire Insect And Pathogen Damage On Wood Quality Of Dead And Dying Western Conifers
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Author :
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2010
Effects Of Fire Insect And Pathogen Damage On Wood Quality Of Dead And Dying Western Conifers written by and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2010 with Conifers categories.
We update and expand the 1992 survey of research findings by Lowell and colleagues, providing an ecological context for the findings, using a more reader-friendly format, and including extensive citations so readers can get indepth information on particular topics. Our intent is that managers will use this report as a desktop reference and field guide. The worksheet can be copied and taken to the field, as a reminder of key indicators to look for and key questions to ask. With a visual assessment process, potential volume and value losses associated with disturbance can be estimated for postdisturbance management planning.
Agricultural Risk Transfer
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Author : Roman Marco Hohl
language : en
Publisher: John Wiley & Sons
Release Date : 2019-03-25
Agricultural Risk Transfer written by Roman Marco Hohl and has been published by John Wiley & Sons this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2019-03-25 with Business & Economics categories.
Gain a holistic view of agricultural (re)insurance and capital market risk transfer Increasing agricultural production and food security remain key challenges for mankind. In order to meet global food demand, the Food and Agriculture Organisation estimates that production has to increase by 50% by 2050 and requires large investments. Agricultural insurance and financial instruments have been an integral part to advancing productivity and are becoming more important in increasingly globalized and specialized agricultural supply chains in the wake of potentially more frequent and severe natural disasters in today’s key producing markets. Underwriting, pricing and transferring agricultural risks is complex and requires a solid understanding of the production system, exposure, perils and the most suitable products, which vastly differ among developed and developing markets. In the last decade, new insurance schemes in emerging agricultural markets have greatly contributed to the large growth of the industry from a premium volume of US$10.1 billion (2006) to US$30.7 billion (2017). This growth is bound to continue as insurance penetration and exposure increase and new schemes are being developed. Agricultural (re)insurance has become a cornerstone of sovereign disaster risk financing frameworks. Agricultural Risk Transfer introduces the main concepts of agricultural (re)insurance and capital market risk transfer that are discussed through industry case studies. It also discusses best industry practices for all main insurance products for crop, livestock, aquaculture and forestry risks including risk assessment, underwriting, pricing, modelling and loss adjustment. Describes agricultural production risks and risk management approaches Covers risk transfer of production and financial risks through insurance and financial instruments Introduces modelling concepts for the main perils and key data sources that support risk transfer through indemnity- and index-based products Describes risk pricing and underwriting approaches for crop, livestock, aquaculture and forestry exposure in developed and developing agricultural systems Become familiar with risk transfer concepts to reinsurance and capital markets Get to know the current market landscape and main risk transfer products for individual producers, agribusinesses and governments through theory and comprehensive industry case studies Through Agricultural Risk Transfer, you’ll gain a holistic view of agricultural (re)insurance and capital market solutions which will support better underwriting, more structured product development and improved risk transfer.
Postfire Mortality Of Ponderosa Pine And Douglas Fir
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Author : James F. Fowler
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2004
Postfire Mortality Of Ponderosa Pine And Douglas Fir written by James F. Fowler and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2004 with Douglas fir categories.
This review focused on the primary literature that described, modeled, or predicted the probability of postfire mortality in ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa) and Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii). The methods and measurements that were used to predict postfire tree death tended to fall into two general categories: those focusing on measuring important aspects of fire behavior, the indirect but ultimate cause of mortality; and those focusing on tissue damage due to fire, the direct effect of fire on plant organs. Of the methods reviewed in this paper, crown scorch volume was the most effective, easiest to use, and most popular measurement in predicting postfire mortality in both conifer species. In addition to this direct measure of foliage damage, several studies showed the importance and utility of adding a measurement of stem (bole) damage. There is no clear method of choice for this, but direct assessment of cambium condition near the tree base is widely used in Douglas-fir. Only two ponderosa pine studies directly measured fine root biomass changes due to fire, but they did not use these measurements to predict postfire mortality. Indirect measures of fire behavior such as ground char classes may be the most practical choice for measuring root damage. This review did not find clear postfire survivability differences between the two species. The literature also does not show a consistent use of terminology; we propose a standard set of terms and their definitions.
Bibliography Of Agriculture
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Author :
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 1972
Bibliography Of Agriculture written by and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 1972 with Agriculture categories.
Decline And Dieback Of Trees And Forests
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Author : William M. Ciesla
language : en
Publisher: Food & Agriculture Org.
Release Date : 1994
Decline And Dieback Of Trees And Forests written by William M. Ciesla and has been published by Food & Agriculture Org. this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 1994 with Nature categories.
Beetle Pathogen Interactions In Conifer Forests
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Author : Timothy Duane Schowalter
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 1993
Beetle Pathogen Interactions In Conifer Forests written by Timothy Duane Schowalter and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 1993 with Nature categories.
This text discusses advances in bark beetle and pathogen systematics; environmental and host factors predisposing trees to bark beetle or pathogen colonization; mechanism of interaction between bark beetles and pathogens; effects on trees and forest ecosystems; and management strategies.
Assessing Post Fire Douglas Fir Mortality And Douglas Fir Beetle Attacks In The Northern Rocky Mountains
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Author : Sharon Hood
language : en
Publisher: Createspace Independent Pub
Release Date : 2012-10-22
Assessing Post Fire Douglas Fir Mortality And Douglas Fir Beetle Attacks In The Northern Rocky Mountains written by Sharon Hood and has been published by Createspace Independent Pub this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2012-10-22 with Nature categories.
Many coniferous species have life history traits and characteristics that greatly enhance their resistance to injury from fire, thereby increasing post-fire survival rates. Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirbel) Franco), for example, is known for its fire tolerance, in large part, due to thick insulating bark that develops with age and protects the inner cambium from heat injury. Mortality following fire, however, depends not only on tree species, but also on type and degree of fire-caused injuries, initial tree vigor, and post-fire environment. These same factors may also influence timing of tree death, which can be delayed as long as 4 years post-fire. Within a few months to a few years following fire, bark and wood boring beetles may preferentially attack, and wood deterioration caused by staining, decay pathogens, and/or checking can occur. Parker and others provide an extensive review of interactions between insects and fire (prescribed and wildfire) in coniferous forests of interior western North America. Development of management plans immediately following fire, therefore, can be difficult due to the timing and uncertainty of many interacting factors. Reliable estimates of post-fire Douglas-fir mortality, predicted from field-based characterizations of fire injury, would greatly facilitate informed post-fire management, including salvage, following both mixed-severity wildfires and applications of prescribed fire. Prediction of fire- and beetle-caused delayed tree mortality is also an important component in the development of prescribed burn plan objectives. Managers must know what fire intensity levels are needed to accomplish mortality related objectives. Also, in adaptive management, a key part to determining if burn objectives were met is installation of monitoring plots. By revisiting prescribed burns and monitoring fire effects, future burn prescriptions can be adjusted to better achieve desired results. To do this, field crews must be able to accurately assess post-fire tree injury and the potential for delayed mortality. Fire behavior and effects models, such as the First Order Fire Effects Model (FOFEM) and BehavePlus, are available for use in predicting post-fire tree mortality. The tree mortality model in these software packages is based on models developed by Ryan and Reinhardt (1988) and Ryan and Amman (1994). However, this tree mortality model was developed from data for several different tree species. More importantly, this model does not fully account for bark beetle effects on post-fire tree mortality. Douglas-fir bark beetles (Dendroctonus pseudotsugae Hopkins Coleoptera: Curculionidae, Scolytine) are highly attracted to fire-injured Douglas-fir and can cause significant tree mortality, apart from fire injuries alone. If Douglas-fir beetle populations are a concern following fire, it is important to characterize the fire-related tree injuries most conducive to beetle attack and successful brood production and survival. Hood and Bentz (2007) developed a model to predict the probability of Douglas-fir mortality and one to predict the probability of Douglas-fir beetle attacks within 4 years post-fire based on data collected from three mixed-severity wildfires in western Montana and Wyoming. The intent of this guide is to facilitate use of these models in post-fire management and prescribed burn planning. We note that ecological and economic constraints make forest management following wildfire a complex task. Our models are meant to be used as part of a multidisciplinary strategy aimed at maximizing benefits to post-fire ecological communities and forest management. Following a brief description of the two models, variables significant in predicting post-fire Douglas-fir mortality and Douglas-fir beetle attack are described.
Insects And Diseases Of Mediterranean Forest Systems
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Author : Timothy D. Paine
language : en
Publisher: Springer
Release Date : 2016-01-06
Insects And Diseases Of Mediterranean Forest Systems written by Timothy D. Paine and has been published by Springer this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2016-01-06 with Technology & Engineering categories.
Insect and disease issues are often specific to the Mediterranean forest systems rather than shared with the temperate forests. In addition to the specific native insects and diseases, the forests are subject to the invasion of exotic species. The forests are also at risk from high degrees of human activity, including changing patterns of forest fires, land management activities, intensive plantation forestry using introduced timber species from other Mediterranean climate zones, and atmospheric deposition. Combined with elements of global climate change that may disproportionately affect Mediterranean climate systems, this creates a number of significant management issues that are unique to the Mediterranean forests. It is our goal that the information contained in this volume will contribute to understanding the unique aspects of Mediterranean forest systems and to protecting these critical resources.
Tree Diseases Of Eastern Canada
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Author : D. T. Myren
language : en
Publisher: Canadian Forest Service, Science and Sustainable Development Directorate
Release Date : 1994
Tree Diseases Of Eastern Canada written by D. T. Myren and has been published by Canadian Forest Service, Science and Sustainable Development Directorate this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 1994 with Plant diseases categories.
Descriptions of tree diseases, divided into those for leaves and needles, stems and branches, roots, and cones, and caused by animals and insects. For each disease, information is given on host, distribution, effects on hosts, identifying features, life history, control, related information, and a bibliography. Identifying features include macroscopic characters and those that could be observed with a 10x microscopic lens.