Effects Of Perceived Discrimination
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Effects Of Perceived Discrimination
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Author : David Michael Tom
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2006
Effects Of Perceived Discrimination written by David Michael Tom and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2006 with African Americans categories.
Abstract: Only within the past 30 years have psychologists begun to systematically examine the effects of perceived discrimination (PD) on stigmatized individuals. Since then, the research has offered a variety of findings that may initially seem to contradict one another. The majority of research conducted within a feedback-oriented paradigm has found that perceiving discrimination can help individuals externalize reasons for failure, therefore buffering self-esteem and well-being. Other lines of research have suggested that attributions to prejudice across time and contexts ultimately have deleterious effects on well-being, in spite of whatever short-term gains may result from externalizing failure. A recent structural equation model examining the effects of perceived discrimination has examined two paradoxical effects; (a) social rejection and (b) identification with one's in-group. While social rejection was found to be inversely related to well-being, ethnic identification was found to buffer the relationship between PD and well-being. By specifying both positive and negative consequences to PD, the Rejection-Identification Model (RIM) provided a deeper understanding of the complexity involved with stigmatization and the struggle faced by those targeted by discrimination. While the RIM has provided new insights and elucidated several key pathways in the formation of well-being, the model can be improved by incorporating current theory. First, the current study proposes that perceived discrimination only affects collective well-being directly, since discrimination, when perceived as motivated by racial prejudice, is an attack on a person's group-level identity. Any consequences to one's personal identity are thought to be indirect and likely mediated by collective well-being. Second, research stemming from Social Identity Theory suggests that collective well-being and personal well-being are interrelated; therefore, in so far as perceived discrimination affects well-being, collective well-being should have a direct effect on personal well-being. Additional limitations of the perceived discrimination literature include a paucity of research about how Asian Americans are affected by discrimination, inadequate sample sizes rendering poor power for modeling analyses, and an over-reliance on psychology undergraduate students for participants. Based on these findings, a refinement of the Rejection-Identification Model was proposed and fitted to data collected from 421 African American and Asian American participants. The participants were drawn from both undergraduate psychology classes and the community at-large. Structural equation modeling analyses indicated that the hypothesized alterations to the RIM (RIM-Altered) produced the best fitting model. Consistent with the hypotheses of the study, perceived discrimination was not found to affect personal well-being directly and collective well-being was found to have a direct effect on personal well-being. Racial/ethnic group comparisons and sample comparisons suggested that the RIM-Altered fit both Asian American and African American sub-samples equally well, but that the RIM-Altered fit the college student sample significantly better than the community sample. Limitations, implications, and directions for future research are discussed.
Effects Of Perceived Discrimination On Mental Health
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Author : Marnie Salupo Rodriguez
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2004
Effects Of Perceived Discrimination On Mental Health written by Marnie Salupo Rodriguez and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2004 with Discrimination categories.
Effects Of Perceived Discrimination On Adjustment Among International Students
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Author : Kyoko Miura
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2005
Effects Of Perceived Discrimination On Adjustment Among International Students written by Kyoko Miura and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2005 with categories.
The Effects Of Perceived Discrimination On Social Self Esteem And Perceived Control
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Author : Melanie Leslie Lorenzo
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2001
The Effects Of Perceived Discrimination On Social Self Esteem And Perceived Control written by Melanie Leslie Lorenzo and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2001 with Control (Psychology) categories.
Effects Of Perceived Discrimination On Asian Americans
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Author : Thu A. Dang
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2012
Effects Of Perceived Discrimination On Asian Americans written by Thu A. Dang and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2012 with categories.
Participants completed a one-time demographic questionnaire and ethnic identity measure (MEIM; Phinney, 1992). They also completed one daily diary entry each evening for 21 days. The daily diary entry consisted of 10 perceived discrimination items, 1 open-ended item, 13 affect items (PANAS-X; Watson & Clark, 1994) and 5 self-esteem items (R-SES; Rosenberg, 1965).
The Effects Of Perceived Discrimination And Cultural Protective Factors On Latinos As Psychological Health
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Author : Arlene Orozco
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2017
The Effects Of Perceived Discrimination And Cultural Protective Factors On Latinos As Psychological Health written by Arlene Orozco and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2017 with categories.
Based on the correlational findings, Hypothesis 1 was partially supported, where Latinos'/as' perceived discrimination was significantly and positively correlated with symptoms of anxiety and depression, but not with self-esteem. In Hypotheses 2--5, four culturally protective factors were hypothesized as moderators (buffers) on the relations between perceived discrimination and psychological functioning. These four culturally protective factors were enculturation, ethnic identity, familismo, and acculturation. Based on the hierarchical regression findings, none of the identified protective factors were found as moderators on the relations between perceived discrimination and psychological functioning. The study strengths and limitations as well as practical implications and future research are discussed.
The Effects Of Perceived Discrimination Equal Opportunity Climate And Team Cohesion On Team Effectiveness In A Military Sample
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Author : David F. Dubin
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2011
The Effects Of Perceived Discrimination Equal Opportunity Climate And Team Cohesion On Team Effectiveness In A Military Sample written by David F. Dubin and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2011 with Discrimination in employment categories.
Longitudinal Effects Of Perceived Discrimination On Depressive Symptoms And Illness Behaviors
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Author : Larissa A. McGarrity
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2013
Longitudinal Effects Of Perceived Discrimination On Depressive Symptoms And Illness Behaviors written by Larissa A. McGarrity and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2013 with Depression, Mental categories.
The Variable Effects Of Perceived Discrimination
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Author : Stefanie C. Wellons
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2013
The Variable Effects Of Perceived Discrimination written by Stefanie C. Wellons and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2013 with Hispanic Americans categories.
The Role Of Cognitive Appraisal In The Relationship Between Perceived Racial Discrimination And Psychological Distress Among Latinos
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Author : Cheyenne M. Dunbar
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2012
The Role Of Cognitive Appraisal In The Relationship Between Perceived Racial Discrimination And Psychological Distress Among Latinos written by Cheyenne M. Dunbar and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2012 with categories.
Past research has established a relationship between perceived racial discrimination (how frequently a discriminatory situation occurs) and psychological distress (e.g., depression and anxiety). The present study aims to contribute a more detailed view of this relationship by (a) examining cognitive appraisal as a moderator of this relationship and (b) measuring psychological distress at explicit and implicit levels of responding. Cognitive appraisal is the way in which an individual defines and evaluates his or her environment. There are several dimensions of cognitive appraisal that are relevant to the perceived discrimination -- psychological distress relationship, including stressfulness, harmfulness, controllability, and ability to cope. Situations perceived as high harm and stress, low control and ability to cope have been found to account for greater psychological distress. Herein, it is argued that frequently recurring discriminatory events that are perceived as relatively benign (i.e., low harm and stress, high control and ability to cope) can also be linked to psychological distress. Therefore, it was predicted that low harm and stress, high control and ability to cope situations would account for greater psychological distress, especially when these situations occur with greater frequency. In addition, it was argued that racial minority group members may not be fully aware of, or willing to self-report, the adverse effects of perceived discrimination. There may be two distinct levels of thoughts and feelings in relation to perceived discrimination: the consciously accessible and controllable (explicit) level and the inaccessible and automatic (implicit) level. Thus, studying psychological distress at the implicit level may provide additional insights into the detrimental impact of racial discrimination. Data were collected from a sample of 152 Latino college students. The frequency of personal experiences of racial discrimination was assessed using the Schedule of Racist Events. Cognitive appraisals were assessed using a series of items designed to measure stressfulness, harmfulness, controllability, and ability to cope. Two Implicit Association Tests were used to measure the extent to which the self was associated with the concepts "depressed" vs. "happy" and "anxious" vs. "calm." Participants also completed parallel explicit measures of depression and anxiety, and the Center for Epidemiologic Studies --Depression Scale. In line with previous research, increased frequency of perceived discrimination was related to greater explicit psychological distress (i.e., depression and anxiety). In addition, decreased controllability and ability to cope were related to increased explicit depression. None of the predicted interaction effects of frequency with the cognitive appraisal dimensions reached statistical significance. Furthermore, there were no significant main effects or interactions on the implicit measures of depression and anxiety. This study provides additional evidence for the link between frequency of perceived discrimination and mental health, and suggests that the role of cognitive appraisal in the perceived discrimination -- mental health relationship may be more tenuous that what is typically assumed.