Elastic Filaments Of The Cell
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Elastic Filaments Of The Cell
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Author : H.L. Granzier
language : en
Publisher: Springer Science & Business Media
Release Date : 2012-12-06
Elastic Filaments Of The Cell written by H.L. Granzier and has been published by Springer Science & Business Media this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2012-12-06 with Science categories.
Elastic filaments refer mainly to titin, the largest of all known proteins. Titin was discovered initially in muscle cells, where it interconnects the thick filament with the Z-line. Titin forms a molecular spring that is responsible for maintaining the structural integrity of contracting muscle, ensuring efficient muscle contraction. More recently, it has become clear that titin is not restricted to muscle cells alone. For example, titin is found in chromosomes of neurons and also in blood platelets. This topic is fast becoming a focal point for research in understanding viscoelastic properties at the molecular, cellular, and tissue levels. In titin may lie a generic basis for biological viscoelasticity. It has become clear that titin may hold the key to certain clinical anomalies. For example, it is clear that titin-based ventricular stiffness is modulated by calcium and that titin is responsible for the altered stiffness in cardiomyopathies. It is also clear from evidence from a group of Finnish families that titin mutations may underlie some muscular dystrophies and that with other mutations chromatids fail to separate during mitosis. Thus, it is clear that this protein will have important clinical implications stemming from its biomechanical role. One aspect of this field is the bringing together of bioengineers with clinical researchers and biologists. Genetic and biochemical aspects of titin-related proteins are being studied together with front-line engineering approaches designed to measure the mechanics of titin either in small aggregates or in single molecules.
The Sliding Filament Theory Of Muscle Contraction
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Author : David Aitchison Smith
language : en
Publisher: Springer
Release Date : 2019-02-05
The Sliding Filament Theory Of Muscle Contraction written by David Aitchison Smith and has been published by Springer this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2019-02-05 with Medical categories.
Understanding the molecular mechanism of muscle contraction started with the discovery that striated muscle is composed of interdigitating filaments which slide against each other. Sliding filaments and the working-stroke mechanism provide the framework for individual myosin motors to act in parallel, generating tension and loaded shortening with an efficient use of chemical energy. Our knowledge of this exquisitely structured molecular machine has exploded in the last four decades, thanks to a bewildering array of techniques for studying intact muscle, muscle fibres, myofibrils and single myosin molecules. After reviewing the mechanical and biochemical background, this monograph shows how old and new experimental discoveries can be modelled, interpreted and incorporated into a coherent mathematical theory of contractility at the molecular level. The theory is applied to steady-state and transient phenomena in muscle fibres, wing-beat oscillations in insect flight muscle, motility assays and single-molecule experiments with optical trapping. Such a synthesis addresses major issues, most notably whether a single myosin motor is driven by a working stroke or a ratchet mechanism, how the working stroke is coupled to phosphate release, and whether one cycle of attachment is driven by the hydrolysis of one molecule of ATP. Ways in which the theory can be extended are explored in appendices. A separate theory is required for the cooperative regulation of muscle by calcium via tropomyosin and troponin on actin filaments. The book reviews the evolution of models for actin-based regulation, culminating in a model motivated by cryo-EM studies where tropomyosin protomers are linked to form a continuous flexible chain. It also explores muscle behaviour as a function of calcium level, including emergent phenomena such as spontaneous oscillatory contractions and direct myosin regulation by its regulatory light chains. Contraction models can be extended to all levels of calcium-activation by embedding them in a cooperative theory of thin-filament regulation, and a method for achieving this grand synthesis is proposed. Dr. David Aitchison Smith is a theoretical physicist with thirty years of research experience in modelling muscle contractility, in collaboration with experimental groups in different laboratories.
Mechanics Of Elastic Biomolecules
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Author : W.A. Linke
language : en
Publisher: Springer Science & Business Media
Release Date : 2012-12-06
Mechanics Of Elastic Biomolecules written by W.A. Linke and has been published by Springer Science & Business Media this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2012-12-06 with Science categories.
A representative cross-section of elastic biomolecules is covered in this volume, which combines seventeen contributions from leading research groups. State-of-the-art molecular mechanics experiments are described dealing with the elasticity of DNA and nucleoprotein complexes, titin and titin-like proteins in muscle, as well as proteins of the cytoskeleton and the extracellular matrix. The book speaks particularly to cell biologists, biophysicists, or bioengineers, and to senior researchers and graduate students alike, who are interested in recent advances in single-molecule technology (optical tweezers technique, atomic force microscopy), EM imaging, and computer simulation approaches to study nanobiomechanics. The findings discussed here have redefined our view of the role mechanical signals play in cellular functions and have greatly helped improve our understanding of biological elasticity in general.
Bending Buckling Tumbling Trapping
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Author : Harishankar Manikantan
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2015
Bending Buckling Tumbling Trapping written by Harishankar Manikantan and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2015 with categories.
Elastic filaments subjected to hydrodynamic forcing are a common class of fluid-structure interaction problems. In biology, they are crucial to cytoskeletal motions of the cell, the locomotion of micro-organisms, and mucal transport. In engineering, they are often the source of non-Newtonian rheological properties and a variety of complex fluid behavior such as hydrodynamic instabilities and chaotic mixing. At the heart of many of these dynamics is the competition between an elastic backbone and viscous forces acting to deform it, tangled with the anisotropic shape of such filaments as well as slowly decaying hydrodynamic interactions in a Stokesian fluid. In this work, we use slender-body theory for low-Reynolds-number hydrodynamics to address theoretically and computationally a few such problems of physical and biological significance. We first describe the tumbling of polymers in shear flow and the suppression of thermal fluctuations in extensional flow. A theory for the stretch-coil transition of semiflexible polymers is also developed. We then turn to the transport properties of semiflexible filaments in a flow setup that mimics some of the dynamics of biological polymers in motility assays. Thermal fluctuations frequently trap polymers within vortical cells, and are shown to lead to subdiffusive transport at long times. The mechanism behind this anomalous feature and the subtle role of flexibility is emphasized. Then we focus on the sedimentation of flexible filaments. In the weakly flexible regime, a multiple-scale asymptotic expansion is used to obtain expressions for filament shapes and peculiar trajectories. In the highly flexible regime, we show that a filament sedimenting along its long axis is susceptible to a buckling instability. Our predictions are corroborated by detailed numerical simulations. Finally, we look at suspensions of sedimenting elastic fibers, emphasizing the role of filament shape, flexibility, and long-ranged hydrodynamic interactions. We develop a mean-field theory for such a suspension, and its stability to perturbations of fiber concentration is analytically explored. Detailed numerical simulations are also performed to verify these predictions and elucidate the microstructural mechanisms tied to the growth or suppression of this instability.
Elastomeric Proteins
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Author : Peter R. Shewry
language : en
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Release Date : 2010-02-04
Elastomeric Proteins written by Peter R. Shewry and has been published by Cambridge University Press this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2010-02-04 with Science categories.
This book was originally published in 2002. Elastic proteins occur in a wide range of biological systems where they have evolved to fulfil precise biological roles. The best known include proteins in vertebrate muscles and connective tissues, such as titin, elastin and fibrillin, and spider silks. However, other examples include byssus and abductin from bivalve molluscs, resilin from arthropods and gluten from wheat. Interest in elastomeric proteins has been high for several reasons. Firstly, their biological and medical significance, particularly in human disease. Secondly, the unusual properties of proteins such as spider silks provide opportunities to develop materials. Thirdly, the development of scanning probe microscopy makes it possible to study structures and biomechanical properties of these proteins at the single molecule level. This book will be of value to anyone with an interest in the various aspects of elastomeric proteins.
Cell Biology By The Numbers
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Author : Ron Milo
language : en
Publisher: Garland Science
Release Date : 2015-12-07
Cell Biology By The Numbers written by Ron Milo and has been published by Garland Science this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2015-12-07 with Science categories.
A Top 25 CHOICE 2016 Title, and recipient of the CHOICE Outstanding Academic Title (OAT) Award. How much energy is released in ATP hydrolysis? How many mRNAs are in a cell? How genetically similar are two random people? What is faster, transcription or translation?Cell Biology by the Numbers explores these questions and dozens of others provid
Spatial Distribution Of Filament Elasticity Determines The Migratory Behavior Of A Cell
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Author :
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2015
Spatial Distribution Of Filament Elasticity Determines The Migratory Behavior Of A Cell written by and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2015 with categories.
Molecular Biology Of The Cell
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Author : Bruce Alberts
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2002
Molecular Biology Of The Cell written by Bruce Alberts and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2002 with Cytology categories.
Nature S Versatile Engine
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Author : Jim Vigoreaux
language : en
Publisher: Springer Science & Business Media
Release Date : 2007-06-24
Nature S Versatile Engine written by Jim Vigoreaux and has been published by Springer Science & Business Media this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2007-06-24 with Science categories.
Methods for Obtaining X-Ray Diffraction Patterns from Drosophila 198 Diffraction Patterns from Drosophila IFM 203 Concluding Remarks 211 Note Added in Proof 211 17. Functional and Ecological Effects of Isoform Variation in Insect Flight Muscle 214 James H. Marden Abstract 214 Introduction 215 Nature's Versatile Engine 215 The Underlying Genetics: An Underinflated Genome and a Hyperinflated Transcriptome and Proteome 216 Functional Effects of Isoform Variation 219 Alternative Splicing and the Generation of Combinatorial Complexity 220 Functional Consequences of Naturally Occurring Isoform Variation 220 18. Muscle Systems Design and Integration 230 Fritz- OlafLehmann Abstract 230 Power Requirements for Flight 230 Power Reduction 233 Power Constraints on Steering Capacity 234 Balancing Power and Control 236 Changes in Muscle Efficiency in Vivo 238 Concluding Remarks 239 From the Inside Out 19. Molecular Assays for Acto-Myosin Interactions 242 John C. Sparrow and Michael A. Geeves Abstract 242 Introduction 242 Myosin Purification and Preparation of the SI Fragment 243 Purification of Flight Muscle Actin 244 Assays of Myosin and Acto-Myosin 244 Major Conclusions Relating to the Enzymatic Properties of Insect Flight Muscle Acto-Myosin 247 Major Questions about Insect Flight Muscle Acto-Myosin Kinetics That Remain 249 20.
Biology At The Single Molecule Level
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Author : S.H. Leuba
language : en
Publisher: Elsevier
Release Date : 2001-12-17
Biology At The Single Molecule Level written by S.H. Leuba and has been published by Elsevier this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2001-12-17 with Science categories.
This is the first book solely devoted to single-molecule biochemistry and molecular biology. Authors were selected on the basis of their contribution to this new and exciting field, and were asked to focus more on the biological problems that can be approached using single-molecule techniques rather than on the techniques per se. It is thought that such techniques will eventually dominate the physical characterization of biologically important macromolecules.
