Employment Labor Markets And Poverty In Ghana
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Employment Labor Markets And Poverty In Ghana
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Author : Sudharshan Canagarajah
language : en
Publisher: World Bank Publications
Release Date : 1997
Employment Labor Markets And Poverty In Ghana written by Sudharshan Canagarajah and has been published by World Bank Publications this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 1997 with Educacion - Ghana categories.
Employment Labor Markets And Poverty In Ghana A Study Of Changes During Economic Decline And Recovery
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Author : Sudharshan Canagarajah
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 1999
Employment Labor Markets And Poverty In Ghana A Study Of Changes During Economic Decline And Recovery written by Sudharshan Canagarajah and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 1999 with categories.
November 1997 An awareness on the part of policymakers that the formal sector is only a small part of Ghana's labor market is a necessary precondition of appropriate employment policy. If the government is unwilling to reduce public employment or to alter public spending to invest more in agriculture, and infrastructure employment conditions will worsen, high public-wage policy will fuel inflationary pressures, reducing such investment even further. An active labor policy and employment creation is necessary for sustainable poverty reduction. The slowdown and possible reversal in the rural-to-urban flow of labor in Ghana is symptomatic of a basic shortcoming in the country's economic recovery: the inadequate growth of the productive sector in the nonagricultural economy. The rate of growth of GDP has been adequate but much of the growth has been fueled and led by the services sector, which (at more than 46 percent) has surpassed agriculture as the main contributor to GDP. In some way growth in the services sector has been positive, but arguably it is a once-for-all adjustment to recover that cannot be sustained at this growth rate without commensurate growth in both agricultural and nonagricultural production. Evidently, stabilization and liberalization measures have not been sufficient to put the industrial sector on a path of sustained growth. There is too little skilled labor in Ghana, and demand for industrial goods has been weak, in part because the cost of credit is high and savings are too low for inefficient, state-run enterprises to buy the equipment they need. Returns to higher (especially university) education are high in Ghana, largely because of high wages for government services. Because of inadequate technical and vocational education, returns to secondary education are low. Employment trends have mirrored the deficiency in output growth. Every year since 1987, industrial employment has fallen. The growing labor force, which agriculture could not absorb productively, has spilled over into service activities and the informal sector. Ghana's large informal sector is symptomatic of an economy with low growth potential. In the medium term, the surest way to absorb labor would be to increase investment in the agriculture sector. And the only way to increase investment in that sector is to change the composition in public spending. As long as the public sector wage bill remains a sizable part of government expenditure, an increase in wage levels not compensated by reduction in employment will create strains in the budgetary balance and will defeat the most important instrument of increasing the growth rate of employment-higher levels of public investment in agriculture. It is possible that a vicious circle is complete. Higher wages in the public sector might be necessary to increase efficiency, without which productive public investment is not possible. But if the government is not willing or able to reduce public employment, and is further unable to alter the composition of expenditure to provide more finance for agriculture-related public investment, a high wage public policy will merely fuel inflationary pressures reducing the real investment ratio even further. The only way out of this vicious circle, if it exists, is a larger infusion of foreign and private investment than has been seen so far, supplemented by corrective monetary policy. This paper-a product of the Human Development Technical Family, Africa Region-is a background paper for World Bank Economic Sector Work on Ghana: Labor Markets and Poverty.
Employment Labor Markets And Poverty In Ghana
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Author : Sudharshan Canagarajah
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2016
Employment Labor Markets And Poverty In Ghana written by Sudharshan Canagarajah and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2016 with categories.
An awareness on the part ...
Expanding Job Opportunities In Ghana
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Author : Maddalena Honorati
language : en
Publisher: World Bank Publications
Release Date : 2016-10-24
Expanding Job Opportunities In Ghana written by Maddalena Honorati and has been published by World Bank Publications this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2016-10-24 with Business & Economics categories.
Ghana was, until very recently, a success story in Africa, achieving high and sustained growth and impressive poverty reduction. However, Ghana is now facing major challenges in diversifying its economy, sustaining growth, and making it more inclusive. Most of the new jobs that have been created in the past decade have been in low-earning, low-productivity trade services. Macroeconomic instability, limited diversification and growing inequities in Ghana’s labor markets make it harder for the economy to create more jobs, and particularly, better jobs. Employment needs to expand in both urban areas, which will continue to grow rapidly, and rural areas, where poverty is still concentrated. The current fiscal and economic crisis is heightening the need for urgent reforms but limiting the room for maneuver and increasing pressure for a careful prioritization of policy actions. Going forward, Ghana will need to consider an integrated jobs strategy that addresses barriers to the business climate, deficiencies in skills, lack of competitiveness of job-creating sectors, problems with labor mobility, and the need for comprehensive labor market regulation. Ghana needs to diversify its economy through gains in productivity in sectors like agribusiness, transport, construction, energy, and information and communications technology (ICT) services. Productivity needs to be increased also in agriculture, in order to increase the earnings potential for the many poor who still work there. In particular, Ghana’s youth and women need help in connecting to these jobs, through relevant skills development and services that target gaps in information about job opportunities. Even with significant effort, most of Ghana’s population will continue to work in jobs characterized by low and fluctuating earnings for the foreseeable future, however, and they will need social safety nets that help them manage vulnerability to income shortfalls. More productive and inclusive jobs will help Ghana move to a second phase of structural transformation and develop into a modern middle-income economy.
Working Out Of Poverty
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Author : M. Louise Fox
language : en
Publisher: World Bank Publications
Release Date : 2008-01-01
Working Out Of Poverty written by M. Louise Fox and has been published by World Bank Publications this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2008-01-01 with Business & Economics categories.
"This book reviews the literature and presents original research by the authors analyzing job creation in Sub-Saharan Africa in light of economic performance over the decade and more since 1995. The book identifies factors that impact job creation, both inside the labor market (such as labor supply and demand) and outside of it (overall investment climate)."--Jacket.
Gender Poverty And Nonfarm Employment In Ghana And Uganda
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Author : Constance Newman
language : en
Publisher: World Bank Publications
Release Date : 2000
Gender Poverty And Nonfarm Employment In Ghana And Uganda written by Constance Newman and has been published by World Bank Publications this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2000 with Agricultural Output categories.
For women in Ghana and Uganda, nonfarm activities play an important role in yielding the lowest - and the most rapidly declining - rural poverty rates. In both countries rural poverty declined fastest for female heads of household engaged in nonfarm work (which tended to be a secondary activity). But patterns vary between the two countires.
Linking Education Policy To Labor Market Outcomes
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Author : Tazeen Fasih
language : en
Publisher: World Bank Publications
Release Date : 2008-04-09
Linking Education Policy To Labor Market Outcomes written by Tazeen Fasih and has been published by World Bank Publications this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2008-04-09 with Business & Economics categories.
'Linking Education Policy to Labor Market Outcomes' examines current research and new evidence from Ghana and Pakistan representative of two of the poorest regions of the world to assess how education can increase income and help people move out of poverty. This study indicates that in addition to early investments in cognitive and noncognitive skills which produce a high return and lower the cost of later educational investment by making learning at later ages more efficient quality, efficiency, and linkages to the broader macro-economic context also matter. Education and relevant skills are still the key determinants of good labor market outcomes for individuals. However, education policies aimed at improving skills will have a limited effect on the incomes of that skilled workforce or on the performance of a national economy if other policies that increase the demand for these skills are not in place. For education to contribute to national economic growth, policies should aim at improving the quality of education by spending efficiently and by adapting the basic and postbasic curricula to develop the skills increasingly demanded on the global labor market, including critical thinking, problem solving, social behavior, and information technology.
Globalization Employment And Poverty Reduction
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Author :
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2004
Globalization Employment And Poverty Reduction written by and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2004 with Ghana categories.
Labor Markets In An Era Of Adjustment An Overview
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Author : Susan Horton
language : en
Publisher: World Bank Publications
Release Date : 1994
Labor Markets In An Era Of Adjustment An Overview written by Susan Horton and has been published by World Bank Publications this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 1994 with Labor market categories.
Employment And Shared Growth
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Author : Pierella Paci
language : en
Publisher: World Bank Publications
Release Date : 2007
Employment And Shared Growth written by Pierella Paci and has been published by World Bank Publications this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2007 with Social Science categories.
There is one asset that poor people have in abundance: labor. Thus, what distinguishes the poor from the non-poor in low income countries is, simply, their ability to sell labor at a good price. It should be of little surprise, then, that enhancing the poor's access to employment is increasingly recognized as key to development. But while the creation of "good" jobs for the poor has become a policy priority for many developing countries, the mechanisms by which employment stimulates growth and reduces poverty have, until now, not been well understood. This book aims to help fill that.