Endothelial Vasoactive Substances And Cardiovascular Disease
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Endothelial Vasoactive Substances And Cardiovascular Disease
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Author : Thomas Felix Lüscher
language : en
Publisher: S. Karger AG (Switzerland)
Release Date : 1988
Endothelial Vasoactive Substances And Cardiovascular Disease written by Thomas Felix Lüscher and has been published by S. Karger AG (Switzerland) this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 1988 with Medical categories.
The Endothelium Part Ii
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Author : Michel Félétou
language : en
Publisher: Biota Publishing
Release Date : 2011-05-01
The Endothelium Part Ii written by Michel Félétou and has been published by Biota Publishing this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2011-05-01 with Science categories.
The endothelium controls vascular tone by releasing various vasoactive substances. Additionally, another pathway associated with the hyperpolarization of both endothelial and vascular smooth muscle cells contributes also to endothelium-dependent relaxations (EDHF-mediated responses). These responses involve an increase in the intracellular Ca concentration of the endothelial cells followed by the opening of Ca-activated K channels of small and intermediate conductances (SKCa and IKCa). These channels show a distinct subcellular distribution, suggesting that their activation could be elicited by distinct stimuli. Following KCa activation, the endothelial hyperpolarization can be conducted to the underlying smooth muscle cells by electrical coupling through myo-endothelial gap junctions. In addition, the potassium efflux can lead to the accumulation of potassium ions in the intercellular space and the subsequent activation of smooth muscle Kir2.1 and/or Na/K-ATPase. The hyperpolarization of the smooth muscle cells produces vascular relaxation, predominantly by closing voltage-gated calcium channels, and vasodilatation. EDHFmediated responses are altered in various pathologies or, conversely, act as a compensating mechanism when other endothelial pathways are impaired. A better characterization of EDHF-mediated responses should allow determining whether or not new drugable targets can be identified within this endothelial pathway for the treatment of cardiovascular diseases. Table of Contents: Endothelium-Dependent Hyperpolarizations: The Classical "EDHF" Pathway / Conclusion / References
The Endothelium Part Ii
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Author : Michel F. L. Tou
language : en
Publisher: Morgan & Claypool Publishers
Release Date : 2011
The Endothelium Part Ii written by Michel F. L. Tou and has been published by Morgan & Claypool Publishers this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2011 with Science categories.
The endothelium controls vascular tone by releasing various vasoactive substances. Additionally, another pathway associated with the hyperpolarization of both endothelial and vascular smooth muscle cells contributes also to endothelium-dependent relaxations (EDHF-mediated responses). These responses involve an increase in the intracellular Ca concentration of the endothelial cells followed by the opening of Ca-activated K channels of small and intermediate conductances (SKCa and IKCa). These channels show a distinct subcellular distribution, suggesting that their activation could be elicited by distinct stimuli. Following KCa activation, the endothelial hyperpolarization can be conducted to the underlying smooth muscle cells by electrical coupling through myo-endothelial gap junctions. In addition, the potassium efflux can lead to the accumulation of potassium ions in the intercellular space and the subsequent activation of smooth muscle Kir2.1 and/or Na/K-ATPase. The hyperpolarization of the smooth muscle cells produces vascular relaxation, predominantly by closing voltage-gated calcium channels, and vasodilatation. EDHFmediated responses are altered in various pathologies or, conversely, act as a compensating mechanism when other endothelial pathways are impaired. A better characterization of EDHF-mediated responses should allow determining whether or not new drugable targets can be identified within this endothelial pathway for the treatment of cardiovascular diseases. Table of Contents: Endothelium-Dependent Hyperpolarizations: The Classical "EDHF" Pathway / Conclusion / References
The Endothelium In Cardiovascular Disease
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Author : Thomas Luescher
language : en
Publisher: Springer Science & Business Media
Release Date : 2012-12-06
The Endothelium In Cardiovascular Disease written by Thomas Luescher and has been published by Springer Science & Business Media this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2012-12-06 with Medical categories.
Since the endothelium plays such an important role in the pathophysiology of the circulatory system, the readers attention is directed here towards the possible involvement of these polypeptides in the aetiology of ischaemic heart disease, cerebrovascular accidents, hypertension, atherosclerosis and renal failure.
The Endothelium
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Author : Michel Félétou
language : en
Publisher: Morgan & Claypool Publishers
Release Date : 2011
The Endothelium written by Michel Félétou and has been published by Morgan & Claypool Publishers this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2011 with Science categories.
The endothelium, a monolayer of endothelial cells, constitutes the inner cellular lining of the blood vessels (arteries, veins and capillaries) and the lymphatic system, and therefore is in direct contact with the blood/lymph and the circulating cells. The endothelium is a major player in the control of blood fluidity, platelet aggregation and vascular tone, a major actor in the regulation of immunology, inflammation and angiogenesis, and an important metabolizing and an endocrine organ. Endothelial cells controls vascular tone, and thereby blood flow, by synthesizing and releasing relaxing and contracting factors such as nitric oxide, metabolites of arachidonic acid via the cyclooxygenases, lipoxygenases and cytochrome P450 pathways, various peptides (endothelin, urotensin, CNP, adrenomedullin, etc.), adenosine, purines, reactive oxygen species and so on. Additionally, endothelial ectoenzymes are required steps in the generation of vasoactive hormones such as angiotensin II. An endothelial dysfunction linked to an imbalance in the synthesis and/or the release of these various endothelial factors may explain the initiation of cardiovascular pathologies (from hypertension to atherosclerosis) or their development and perpetuation. Table of Contents: Introduction / Multiple Functions of the Endothelial Cells / Calcium Signaling in Vascular Cells and Cell-to-Cell Communications / Endothelium-Dependent Regulation of Vascular Tone / Conclusion / References
Interactions Of Nitric Oxide And Superoxide Pathways In Hyperglycemic Endothelial Cells
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Author : Steven Clay Rogers
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2012
Interactions Of Nitric Oxide And Superoxide Pathways In Hyperglycemic Endothelial Cells written by Steven Clay Rogers and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2012 with Cardiovascular system categories.
Cardiovascular complications arising from diabetic hyperglycemia represents one of the leading causes of death and greatest public health challenges of modern societies. Despite state-of-the-art glucose control, diabetic patients remain at a markedly increased risk of cardiovascular disease. The loss of endothelial function (the development of diabetic endothelial dysfunction) has been implicated in the development of numerous diabetic cardiovascular diseases. The endothelial cell produces many vasoactive substances, hormones and cytoprotective biological factors. Endothelial cells are also involved in and affected by the initiation of inflammatory responses through the release and interaction of cytokines and other immune system molecules. Therefore, regulation of these signaling molecules is extremely important to the health of the vascular endothelium and, consequently, damage to the cells ability to control vessel tone and inflammation is a known hallmark to numerous cardiovascular diseases. Much of recent research attention is directed towards the loss of the ability of the diabetic vasculature to produce nitric oxide (vasodilator and anti-inflammatory hormone, a key component of vascular homeostasis). The observation that endothelial cells in diabetes fail to produce sufficient amount of nitric oxide and fail to relax in response to the endothelium-dependent vasorelaxants (e.g. acetylcholine, bradykinin, shear stress, etc.) has been documented by multiple studies, both in animal models of the disease and in human studies. In this dissertation, we investigated the molecular and enzymatic mechanisms associated with the loss of nitric oxide bioavailability and increase in oxidant formation using a hyperglycemic human umbilical vein endothelial cell model. Our results indicate that while hyperglycemia decreases overall nitric oxide levels, generation of nitric oxide is paradoxically increased, validating previous modeling data published by our lab. Furthermore, we were able to indirectly confirm this concomitant increase in superoxide and nitric oxide by showing a significant increase in the formation of nitrotyrosine in high glucose exposed endothelial cells. This illustrates that the parallel increase in superoxide and nitric oxide lead to increased reaction with one another, resulting in higher levels of the cytotoxic peroxynitrite molecule. To better understand the effects of angiotensin II and high glucose on gene regulation of oxidant generating enzymes involved in oxidative and nitrosative stress pathways, we performed real-time quantitative PCR for NADPH oxidase subunits and nitric oxide synthase isoforms in HUVEC's. Results from our studies show that stimulating effects of angiotensin II on the activity of endothelial cell NADPH oxidases is enhanced in high-glucose exposed HUVEC's. We also show that hyperglycemic endothelial cells are more sensitive to Ang II interaction, resulting in lower levels of nitric oxide bioavailability and increased nitrotyrosine formation. Our results also provide insight into the gene regulation of NADPH oxidase, eNOS and iNOS. Data shows that angiotensin II increases NADPH oxidase and iNOS mRNA levels in high-glucose exposed HUVECs, while eNOS expression is relatively unchanged. This further validates the hypothesis that high glucose initiates a protective response in endothelial cells by upregulating nitric oxide producing enzymes, iNOS, in an attempt to counteract/scavenge the increased production of superoxide by NADPH oxidase. This protective measure only exacerbates the oxidative and nitrosative stress environment of the cell, leading to increased cell damage and/or apoptosis. Studies in this dissertation will help clarify the molecular mechanisms and interactions involved in hyperglycemia induced oxidative and nitrosative stress, providing improved focus for treatment design towards improving/reversing high glucose induced endothelial cell dysfunction.
The Endothelium Part I
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Author : Michel Félétou
language : en
Publisher: Biota Publishing
Release Date : 2011-05-01
The Endothelium Part I written by Michel Félétou and has been published by Biota Publishing this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2011-05-01 with Science categories.
The endothelium, a monolayer of endothelial cells, constitutes the inner cellular lining of the blood vessels (arteries, veins and capillaries) and the lymphatic system, and therefore is in direct contact with the blood/lymph and the circulating cells. The endothelium is a major player in the control of blood fluidity, platelet aggregation and vascular tone, a major actor in the regulation of immunology, inflammation and angiogenesis, and an important metabolizing and an endocrine organ. Endothelial cells controls vascular tone, and thereby blood flow, by synthesizing and releasing relaxing and contracting factors such as nitric oxide, metabolites of arachidonic acid via the cyclooxygenases, lipoxygenases and cytochrome P450 pathways, various peptides (endothelin, urotensin, CNP, adrenomedullin, etc.), adenosine, purines, reactive oxygen species and so on. Additionally, endothelial ectoenzymes are required steps in the generation of vasoactive hormones such as angiotensin II. An endothelial dysfunction linked to an imbalance in the synthesis and/or the release of these various endothelial factors may explain the initiation of cardiovascular pathologies (from hypertension to atherosclerosis) or their development and perpetuation. Table of Contents: Introduction / Multiple Functions of the Endothelial Cells / Calcium Signaling in Vascular Cells and Cell-to-Cell Communications / Endothelium-Dependent Regulation of Vascular Tone / Conclusion / References
The Endothelium
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Author : Thomas F. Luscher
language : en
Publisher: CRC Press
Release Date : 2020-04-15
The Endothelium written by Thomas F. Luscher and has been published by CRC Press this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2020-04-15 with Medical categories.
First published in 1990: The Endothelium: Modulator of Cardiovascular Function takes a comprehensive look at the role of the endothelium in cardiovascular control in health and disease. Experts offer detailed reviews on specific topics that address these roles of the endothelium: diffusion barrier, blood-brain barrier, regulator of capillary permeability, metabolic function (uptake and enzymatic destruction), conversion of vasoactive products, production of prostanoids, production and release of endothelium-derived relaxing factors, production of endothelium-derived contracting factors, production of coagulation factors, production of fibrinolytic factors, reticulo-endothelial function, role in atherosclerosis, and changes in function with aging and disease. This overview provides the reader with an update on the role of one of the most fascinating cells in cardiovascular biology. It focuses on the multiple functions of those cells and offers the first attempt to draw a parallel between these functions. Anyone studying the fields of physiology and pharmacology will benefit from this "must have" reference resource.
Endothelial Function In Hypertension
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Author : David Webb
language : en
Publisher: Springer Science & Business Media
Release Date : 2012-12-06
Endothelial Function In Hypertension written by David Webb and has been published by Springer Science & Business Media this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2012-12-06 with Medical categories.
The vascular endothelium has become an increasing focus of research over the last 15 years. Nitric oxide and endothelin appear to have important and opposing actions on vascular tone, smooth muscle proliferation and platelet/monocyte activation, and endothelial dysfunction affecting the L-arginine/nitric oxide and endothelin systems both appear to be crucial to atherogenesis and to the pathophysiology of many forms of cardiovascular disease. Additionally, a number of new drugs of major clinical interest are now emerging that act favourably to modulate endothelial function and alter the outcome in these conditions. Here, a synthesis of the current understanding of endothelial dysfunction in hypertension and related disorders - and future therapeutic prospects - has been drawn together by a series of internationally recognised leaders in the field.
Endothelial Dysfunction
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Author : Helena Lenasi
language : en
Publisher: BoD – Books on Demand
Release Date : 2018-10-24
Endothelial Dysfunction written by Helena Lenasi and has been published by BoD – Books on Demand this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2018-10-24 with Medical categories.
The endothelium enables communication between blood and tissues and is actively involved in cardiovascular homeostasis. Endothelial dysfunction has been recognized as an early step in the development of cardiovascular diseases: respectively, endothelium represents a potential therapeutic niche with multiple targets. The purpose of the book is to point out some recent findings of endothelial physiology and pathophysiology emphasizing various aspects of endothelial dysfunction connected to the body's internal and external environment. While basic features of the endothelium are presented in an introductory chapter, the authors of the following 17 chapters have provided extensive insight into some selected topics of endothelial (dys)function. The book would hopefully be useful for anyone interested in recapitulating endothelial (patho)physiology and expanding knowledge of molecular mechanisms involved in endothelial dysfunction, relevant also for further clinical investigations.