Energy Pricing Policies In Developing Countries Theory And Empirical Evidence
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Energy Pricing Policies In Developing Countries
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Author : United Nations Development Programme
language : en
Publisher: New York : United Nations
Release Date : 1987
Energy Pricing Policies In Developing Countries written by United Nations Development Programme and has been published by New York : United Nations this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 1987 with Economic surveys categories.
Energy Pricing Policies In Developing Countries
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Author : Regional Energy Development Programme (United Nations)
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 1987
Energy Pricing Policies In Developing Countries written by Regional Energy Development Programme (United Nations) and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 1987 with Energy consumption categories.
Energy Pricing Policies In Developing Countries Theory And Empirical Evidence
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Author : Asian Employment Programme
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 1987
Energy Pricing Policies In Developing Countries Theory And Empirical Evidence written by Asian Employment Programme and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 1987 with categories.
Criteria For Energy Pricing Policy
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Author : Corazon Siddayao
language : en
Publisher: Springer Science & Business Media
Release Date : 2012-12-06
Criteria For Energy Pricing Policy written by Corazon Siddayao and has been published by Springer Science & Business Media this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2012-12-06 with Technology & Engineering categories.
The main part of this volume is composed of papers commissioned for the Energy Pricing Policy Workshop held at Bangkok from 8 to 11 May 1984, co-ordinated by the U nited Nations Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific (ESCAP) and the Resource Systems Institute of the East-West Center. The Workshop, which involved high-level policy planners was financially sponsored by several from several Asian developing countries, organizations: the ESCAP Regional Energy Development Programme funded by the United Nations Development Programme; the European Economic Community; the International Labour Organisation; and the International Development Research Centre. Publication of these papers has been supported by funds from the European Economic Community and the United States Agency for International Development. Preparation of the manuscripts for publication was undertaken at the East-West Center, through contribution in kind at the professional, editorial, and support staff levels. out of discussions at the Eighth Session of the The Workshop developed ESCAP Committee on Natural Resources, 27 October to 2 November 1981, where questions on resource pricing in general (as related to energy resources) and sectoral pricing policies for end-users were discussed in the context of demand management. It was recognized that, although much work had been done in the area, policy makers could seldorn obtain analytically supported, yet realistic, guidance concerning energy pricing questions. The emphasis of the Workshop was, therefore, on policy decision-making, and the application of theory to policy formulation in the energy pricing area.
Energy Prices Economic Performance And Monetary Policy
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Author : John Tatom
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2014
Energy Prices Economic Performance And Monetary Policy written by John Tatom and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2014 with categories.
Some analysts have attempted to quantify the extent to which high energy prices have adversely affected the level of prices, output, productivity, investment and other economic developments. Considerable differences exist from these different approaches, which have in turn led to different conclusions as to the appropriate policy responses to major changes in energy prices. This paper reviews the theory and evidence developed earlier, and extends the empirical analysis to include the Netherlands. The production function analysis for the United States is re-examined and extended, and the experience in six foreign nations is analyzed. The implications of the 1979-1980 energy price shock are briefly examined and monetary policy actions in 1974 and 1979-1980 are contrasted with the theoretical conclusions for all seven countries.
The Urban Household Energy Transition
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Author : Douglas F. Barnes
language : en
Publisher: Routledge
Release Date : 2010-09-30
The Urban Household Energy Transition written by Douglas F. Barnes and has been published by Routledge this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2010-09-30 with Nature categories.
As cities in developing countries grow and become more prosperous, energy use shifts from fuelwood to fuels like charcoal, kerosene, and coal, and, ultimately, to fuels such as liquid petroleum gas, and electricity. Energy use is not usually considered as a social issue. Yet, as this book demonstrates, the movement away from traditional fuels has a strong socio-economic dimension, as poor people are the last to attain the benefits of using modern energy. The result is that health risks from the continued use of wood fuel fall most heavily on the poor, and indoor pollution from wood stoves has its greatest effect on women and children who cook and spend much more of their time indoors. Barnes, Krutilla, and Hyde provide the first worldwide assessment of the energy transition as it occurs in urban households, drawing upon data collected by the World Bank Energy Sector Management Assistance Programme (ESMAP). From 1984-2000, the program conducted over 25,000 household energy surveys in 45 cities spanning 12 countries and 3 continents. Additionally, GIS mapping software was used to compile a biomass database of vegetation patterns surrounding 34 cities. Using this rich set of geographic, biological, and socioeconomic data, the authors describe problems and policy options associated with each stage in the energy transition. The authors show how the poorest are most vulnerable to changes in energy markets and demonstrate how the collection of biomass fuel contributes to deforestation. Their book serves as an important contribution to development studies, and as a guide for policymakers hoping to encourage sustainable energy markets and an improved quality of life for growing urban populations.
Essays In Public Economics And Development
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Author : Francois Gerard
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2013
Essays In Public Economics And Development written by Francois Gerard and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2013 with categories.
The present thesis studies public economics questions in the context of developing countries. In particular, I investigate the impact and design of specific government policies in Brazil. Government interventions may be desirable when unregulated market economies deliver socially inefficient outcomes. Goods and services tend to be under-provided in the presence of imperfect or asymmetric information. Such market failures may be pervasive in the insurance market and prompt governments to provide certain types of insurance directly. Chapters 1 and 2 study social insurance programs, and more specifically unemployment insurance (UI). In contrast, goods and services tend to be over-provided if they generate negative externalities. In recent years, there has been a lot of interest in the negative externalities associated with energy consumption. Chapter 3 studies energy conservation policies, and more specifically residential electricity conservation. In each of the three essays, I develop a simple theoretical framework to guide my empirical analysis. I then estimate the relevant impacts and combine theory and empirics to inform the design of government programs. There is vast literature in public economics (and related fields) on social insurance programs and energy conservation policies. Yet, as for most research in public economics, existing work focuses almost entirely on the context of developed countries. Arguably, social insurance and energy conservation are not first-order priorities in least developed countries. However, these topics are becoming increasingly relevant for developing countries. Most of the growth in energy demand is forecast to come from the developing world, especially for residential consumers. Social insurance programs have been adopted in a growing number of developing countries. Currently some form of UI exists in Algeria, Argentina, Barbados, Brazil, Chile, China, Ecuador, Egypt, Iran, Turkey, Uruguay, Venezuela and Vietnam; Mexico, the Philippines, Sri Lanka, and Thailand have been considering its introduction. Moreover, the severe data constraints that limited empirical work at the intersection of public and development economics are being removed. Today, large administrative datasets and high-quality surveys are available in many developing countries. Importantly, results from more advanced countries are unlikely to translate easily to a developing country context. For instance, the enforcement of social program eligibility is a major challenge in developing countries where the informal sector accounts for a large share of the economy. In Brazil, about half of the employed population works in jobs that escape oversight and monitoring from the government. The presence of a large informal sector is widely believed to increase the efficiency costs of social programs. The main concern is that informal job opportunities exacerbate programs' disincentives to work in the formal sector. The essay in the first chapter (joint work with Gustavo Gonzaga) evaluates such a claim. We begin by developing a simple theoretical model of optimal UI that specifies the efficiency-insurance tradeoff in the presence of informal job opportunities. We then combine the model with evidence drawn from 15 years of uniquely comprehensive administrative data to quantify the social costs of the UI program in Brazil. We first show that exogenous extensions of UI benefits led to falls in formal-sector reemployment rates due to offsetting rises in informal employment. However, because reemployment rates in the formal sector are low, most of the extra benefits were actually received by claimants who did not change their employment behavior. Consequently, only a fraction of the cost of UI extensions was due to perverse incentive effects and the efficiency costs were thus relatively small (only 20% as large as in the US, for example). Using variation in the relative size of the formal sector across different regions and over time in Brazil, we then show that the efficiency costs of UI extensions are actually larger in regions with a larger formal sector. Finally, we show that UI exhaustees have relatively low levels of disposable income, suggesting that the insurance value of longer benefits in Brazil may be sizeable. In sum, the results overturn the conventional wisdom, and indicate that efficiency considerations may in fact become more relevant as the formal sector expands. The findings of this essay have broader implications for our understanding of social policies in developing countries. Many social programs and taxes generate incentives for people to carry out their economic activities informally. For the same reasons as for UI, they are viewed as imposing large efficiency costs in a context of high informality. By going against the conventional wisdom, our results cast doubt on whether efficiency considerations actually limit the expansion of social policies in these cases too. The essay in the second chapter (joint work with Gustavo Gonzaga) follows directly from the above results. Governments face two main informational constraints when implementing any program or regulation (e.g., welfare program). First, there is a screening issue. Government may fail to identify the ex-ante population of interest (e.g., poorest households). Second, there is a monitoring issue. Agents may adopt unobserved behaviors to join or escape the population of interest (e.g., reducing work efforts). The lack of strict monitoring policies for government programs is often considered to be a major issue in developing countries where non-compliance is widespread. Yet, we know surprisingly little about the magnitude of the behavioral responses that we wish to mitigate, relative to the cost of efficient monitoring policies. The Brazilian UI program offers a stark example of a weak monitoring environment. Until recently and for over 20 years, there was absolutely no monitoring of formal job search for UI beneficiaries in Brazil, even though many beneficiaries work informally when drawing UI benefits. In the second chapter, we argue that the results presented in the first chapter may rationalize the complete lack of monitoring in Brazil until 2011. We begin by deriving a theoretical upper bound for the maximum price that a government should be willing to pay per beneficiary to perfectly monitor the formal job search of UI beneficiaries. We show that the bound corresponds to the share of program costs due to behavioral responses. Intuitively, there is little incentive to introduce monitoring if most beneficiaries draw UI benefits without changing their formal reemployment behavior. The overall scope of the monitoring issue is thus limited in Brazil because most beneficiaries would collect UI benefits absent any behavioral response, as shown in the first chapter. Yet, monitoring policies may still be cost-effective if the government is able to target them towards workers with relatively larger behavioral responses. In the empirical analysis, we investigate to what extent the government could use information readily available ex ante (a signal) to identify worker categories with relatively larger behavioral responses. We find that most of the heterogeneity is not easily captured by observable characteristics. Therefore, monitoring policies would be relatively costly even if the government used available signals to target them efficiently. These results motivate future work on the cost-effectiveness of job-search requirements for UI beneficiaries, which have been recently introduced in Brazil. If there is little evidence on the impact of social insurance programs in developing countries, there is almost no evidence on the impact of energy conservation policies. Moreover, results from more advanced countries are also unlikely to translate easily to the context of developing countries. Households in the developing world own fewer appliances and consume much less energy on average. Average monthly residential electricity consumption in Brazil was below 200 kilowatt hours in 2000. Enforcement is also a major challenge. Electricity theft amounts to 15% of the total load for some utilities in Brazil. In the third chapter, I investigate the short- and long-term impacts on residential consumption of the largest electricity conservation program to date. This was an innovative program of economic (fines) and social (conservation appeals) incentives implemented by the Brazilian government in 2001-2002 in response to supply shortages of over 20%. Achieving ambitious energy conservation targets through economic incentives is often considered infeasible. Yet, there is little evidence from ambitious conservation policies. I find that the Brazilian conservation program reduced average electricity consumption per customer by .25 log point during the nine months of the crisis. Importantly, the program induced sizable lumpy adjustments; it reduced consumption by .12 log point until at least 2011. Using individual billing data from three million customers, I show that average effects came from dramatic reductions by most customers. I also provide suggestive evidence that lumpy adjustments came from new habits rather than physical investments. Finally, I structurally estimate a simple model to quantify the role of social incentives and lumpy adjustments. Social incentives amounted to a 1.2 log point increase in electricity tariffs, and may thus be particularly powerful in times of crisis. Importantly, a .6 log point permanent increase in tariffs would have been necessary to achieve the observed consumption levels during and after the crisis absent any lumpy adjustment. The possibility of triggering lumpy adjustments may thus substantially reduce the incentives necessary to achieve ambitious energy conservation targets. Beyond the specific issues it addresses, I hope that this dissertation will help convince senior and junior scholars alike of the relevance.
The Poverty And Distributional Impacts Of Carbon Pricing Channels And Policy Implications
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Author : Baoping Shang
language : en
Publisher: International Monetary Fund
Release Date : 2021-06-25
The Poverty And Distributional Impacts Of Carbon Pricing Channels And Policy Implications written by Baoping Shang and has been published by International Monetary Fund this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2021-06-25 with Business & Economics categories.
Addressing the poverty and distributional impacts of carbon pricing reforms is critical for the success of ambitious actions in the fight against climate change. This paper uses a simple framework to systematically review the channels through which carbon pricing can potentially affect poverty and inequality. It finds that the channels differ in important ways along several dimensions. The paper also identifies several key gaps in the current literature and discusses some considerations on how policy designs could take into account the attributes of the channels in mitigating the impacts of carbon pricing reforms on households.
The Feasibility Of Joint Implementation
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Author : C.J. Jepma
language : en
Publisher: Springer Science & Business Media
Release Date : 2013-06-29
The Feasibility Of Joint Implementation written by C.J. Jepma and has been published by Springer Science & Business Media this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2013-06-29 with Technology & Engineering categories.
CATRINUS J. JEPMA This volume contains the various contributions that were made during the International Conference on Joint Implementation, held near Groningen, The Netherlands, 1-3 June 1994. The conference was initiated by The Netherlands' Ministry of Housing, Spatial Planning and Environment -along with the Ministries of Foreign (Development Cooper ation) and Economic Affairs -and carried out under the responsibility of Foundation IDE (Groningen, The Netherlands). Its underlying idea was to bring together an international group of specialists on Joint Implementation (11) - from governments, NGOs, business and science -to discuss its feasibility of 11. The conference was timed between the 9th and 10th session of the Intergovernmental Negotiating Committee (INC) for a Framework Convention on Climate Change (FCCC) - which was by then considered as the most crucial phase preparing for the first Conference of Parties (CoP I; Berlin, 28 March - 7 April 1995) - in order to provide additional information or results that might serve as an input in the international negotiating process. The main purpose of the conference was, however, to sit back and have a reflection about what has now become known as 11, and evaluate from the perspective of academics, and practitioners, jointly with officials what promise the option really holds, and to evaluate under what socio-economic and political circumstances and conditions one could successfully proceed in setting out the framework for its further testing and l application.
The Environment And Economic Development In South Asia
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Author : Mohammad Alauddin
language : en
Publisher: Springer
Release Date : 1998-05-15
The Environment And Economic Development In South Asia written by Mohammad Alauddin and has been published by Springer this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 1998-05-15 with Business & Economics categories.
The major challenges facing South Asia to achieve sustainable development are investigated, using case studies and applying new points of view in economic thought about the connection between development and the environment. After reviewing economic perspectives on development and the environment and South Asia's situation, particular issues such as depletion of natural resources and land degradation, the environmental impacts and consequences of extending markets, of technological change and property rights are examined. Environmental change and employment, income distribution and poverty, population growth and urbanisation are considered.