Enhancement Of The Rate And Amount Of Biogenic Methane Production From Coal
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Enhancement Of The Rate And Amount Of Biogenic Methane Production From Coal
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Author : Yiping Liu
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2012
Enhancement Of The Rate And Amount Of Biogenic Methane Production From Coal written by Yiping Liu and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2012 with Coal categories.
The purpose of this research was to enhance the rate and amount of biogenic coal methane production from coal. Oxidized coal, un-oxidized coal, and coal extracts were used to examine whether the rate and amount of biogenic methane production from coal can be enhanced by solubilizing coal with chemicals or amending with an external inoculum or electron donors. Oxidized coal samples, Canyon coal (Powder River Basin (PRB), Wyoming) and Durango coal (Durango, Colorado), did not support methane production using an external culture. Methane production from oxidized coal was affected by competition between methanogens and sulfate-reducing organisms, by the limited native microbial community existing on the oxidized coal, and by inhibition of fermentative processes, presumably arising from soluble acidic compounds released from oxidized coal. Chemicals (HNO3 , NaOH, H2 O2 and KMnO4 ) could solubilize oxidized and un-oxidized coal and increase dissolved organic carbon. Methane was not detected from cultures receiving coal extracts during subsequent testing. Organisms present on coal samples (Big George coal and Smith coal, PRB) readily consumed amended substrates (hydrogen, cysteine, and ethanol) to produce methane in preference to using coal constituents. The hydrogen consumption and biomass growth rates for a coal microbial community could be simulated with a Monod-type model. Amending an enriched inoculum could decrease the lag time of methane production from un-oxidized coal, but could not enhance the amount of methane production from coal. Additionally, amendments lead to rapid methane production, but this methane production did not exceed the theoretical methane production from the amendments. The amounts of amendments added and subsequent methane production should be carefully tracked using mass balances on chemical oxygen demand to evaluate the extent of enhancement. Without this information, the amount of methane desired specifically from coal constituents cannot be unequivocally determined. While methane can be biogenically produced from sub-bituminous coal, the rate and amount of production are small. The addition of amendments enhances methane production, but primarily due to the biotransformation of the amendments and not coal constituents. Methods to convert the coal matrix to more readily degraded constituents are likely required for economically viable implementation of biogenic coal to methane processes.
Enhancement Of Biogenic Coalbed Methane Production And Back Injection Of Coalbed Methane Co Produced Water
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Author :
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2007
Enhancement Of Biogenic Coalbed Methane Production And Back Injection Of Coalbed Methane Co Produced Water written by and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2007 with categories.
Biogenic methane is a common constituent in deep subsurface environments such as coalbeds and oil shale beds. Coalbed methane (CBM) makes significant contributions to world natural gas industry and CBM production continues to increase. With increasing CBM production, the production of CBM co-produced water increases, which is an environmental concern. This study investigated the feasibility in re-using CBM co-produced water and other high sodic/saline water to enhance biogenic methane production from coal and other unconventional sources, such as oil shale. Microcosms were established with the selected carbon sources which included coal, oil shale, lignite, peat, and diesel-contaminated soil. Each microcosm contained either CBM coproduced water or groundwater with various enhancement and inhibitor combinations. Results indicated that the addition of nutrients and nutrients with additional carbon can enhance biogenic methane production from coal and oil shale. Methane production from oil shale was much greater than that from coal, which is possibly due to the greater amount of available Dissolved Organic Carbon (DOC) from oil shale. Inconclusive results were observed from the other sources since the incubation period was too low. WRI is continuing studies with biogenic methane production from oil shale.
Characterization And Enhancement Of Biogenic Methane Production In Powder River Basin Coalbed Methane Wells
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Author : Michael Steven Green
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2006
Characterization And Enhancement Of Biogenic Methane Production In Powder River Basin Coalbed Methane Wells written by Michael Steven Green and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2006 with categories.
Water samples collected from coalbed methane wells in the PRB were used to inoculate a series of experiments where coal served as the sole carbon source. Several factors were shown to have an effect on methane production rates.
Coalbed Methane Scientific Environmental And Economic Evaluation
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Author : M. Mastalerz
language : en
Publisher: Springer Science & Business Media
Release Date : 2013-03-09
Coalbed Methane Scientific Environmental And Economic Evaluation written by M. Mastalerz and has been published by Springer Science & Business Media this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2013-03-09 with Science categories.
Coalbed gas has been considered a hazard since the early 19th century when the first mine gas explosions occurred in the United States in 1810 and France in 1845. In eastern Australia methane-related mine disasters occurred late in the 19th century with hundreds of lives lost in New South Wales, and as recently as 1995 in Queensland's Bowen Basin. Ventilation and gas drainage technologies are now in practice. However, coalbed methane recently is becoming more recognized as a potential source of energy; rather than emitting this gas to the atmosphere during drainage of gassy mines it can be captured and utilized. Both economic and environmental concerns have sparked this impetus to capture coalbed methane. The number of methane utilization projects has increased in the United States in recent years as a result, to a large extent, of development in technology in methane recovery from coal seams. Between 1994 and 1997, the number of mines in Alabama, Colorado, Ohio, Pennsylvania, Virginia, and West Virginia recovering and utilizing methane increased from 1 0 to 17. The Environmental Protection Agency estimates that close to 49 billion cubic feet (Bet) of methane was recovered in 1996, meaning that this amount was not released into the atmosphere. It is estimated that in the same year total emissions of methane equaled 45. 7 Bcf. Other coal mines are being investigated at present, many ofwhich appear to be promising for the development of cost-effective gas recovery.
Improving Characterization Of Anthropogenic Methane Emissions In The United States
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Author : National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine
language : en
Publisher: National Academies Press
Release Date : 2018-08-25
Improving Characterization Of Anthropogenic Methane Emissions In The United States written by National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine and has been published by National Academies Press this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2018-08-25 with Science categories.
Understanding, quantifying, and tracking atmospheric methane and emissions is essential for addressing concerns and informing decisions that affect the climate, economy, and human health and safety. Atmospheric methane is a potent greenhouse gas (GHG) that contributes to global warming. While carbon dioxide is by far the dominant cause of the rise in global average temperatures, methane also plays a significant role because it absorbs more energy per unit mass than carbon dioxide does, giving it a disproportionately large effect on global radiative forcing. In addition to contributing to climate change, methane also affects human health as a precursor to ozone pollution in the lower atmosphere. Improving Characterization of Anthropogenic Methane Emissions in the United States summarizes the current state of understanding of methane emissions sources and the measurement approaches and evaluates opportunities for methodological and inventory development improvements. This report will inform future research agendas of various U.S. agencies, including NOAA, the EPA, the DOE, NASA, the U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA), and the National Science Foundation (NSF).
Plows Plagues And Petroleum
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Author : William F. Ruddiman
language : en
Publisher: Princeton University Press
Release Date : 2010-03-22
Plows Plagues And Petroleum written by William F. Ruddiman and has been published by Princeton University Press this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2010-03-22 with Science categories.
The impact on climate from 200 years of industrial development is an everyday fact of life, but did humankind's active involvement in climate change really begin with the industrial revolution, as commonly believed? Plows, Plagues, and Petroleum has sparked lively scientific debate since it was first published--arguing that humans have actually been changing the climate for some 8,000 years--as a result of the earlier discovery of agriculture. The "Ruddiman Hypothesis" will spark intense debate. We learn that the impact of farming on greenhouse-gas levels, thousands of years before the industrial revolution, kept our planet notably warmer than if natural climate cycles had prevailed--quite possibly forestalling a new ice age. Plows, Plagues, and Petroleum is the first book to trace the full historical sweep of human interaction with Earth's climate. Ruddiman takes us through three broad stages of human history: when nature was in control; when humans began to take control, discovering agriculture and affecting climate through carbon dioxide and methane emissions; and, finally, the more recent human impact on climate change. Along the way he raises the fascinating possibility that plagues, by depleting human populations, also affected reforestation and thus climate--as suggested by dips in greenhouse gases when major pandemics have occurred. While our massive usage of fossil fuels has certainly contributed to modern climate change, Ruddiman shows that industrial growth is only part of the picture. The book concludes by looking to the future and critiquing the impact of special interest money on the global warming debate. In the afterword, Ruddiman explores the main challenges posed to his hypothesis, and shows how recent investigations and findings ultimately strengthen the book's original claims.
Coal And Coalbed Gas
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Author : Romeo M. Flores
language : en
Publisher: Newnes
Release Date : 2013-10-19
Coal And Coalbed Gas written by Romeo M. Flores and has been published by Newnes this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2013-10-19 with Science categories.
Bridging the gap in expertise between coal and coalbed gas, subfields in which opportunities for cross training have been nonexistent, Coal and Coalbed Gas sets the standard for publishing in these areas. This book treats coal and coalbed gas as mutually inclusive commodities in terms of their interrelated origin, accumulation, composition, distribution, generation, and development, providing a balanced understanding of this energy mix. Currently considered a non-renewable energy resource, coalbed gas, or coalbed methane, is a form of natural gas extracted from coal beds. In recent years, countries have begun to seek and exploit coal for its clean gas energy in an effort to alleviate environmental issues that come with coal use, making a book on this topic particularly timely. This volume takes into account processes of coalification, gasification, and storage and reservoir characterization and evaluation and looks at water management and environmental impacts as well. Covers environmental issues in the development of coalbed gas Includes case studies, field guides and data, examples, and analytical procedures from previous studies and investigations Accessible by a large multidisciplinary market by one of the world's foremost experts on the topic
Unconventional Petroleum Geology
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Author : Caineng Zou
language : en
Publisher: Elsevier
Release Date : 2017-03-10
Unconventional Petroleum Geology written by Caineng Zou and has been published by Elsevier this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2017-03-10 with Technology & Engineering categories.
Unconventional Petroleum Geology, Second Edition presents the latest research results of global conventional and unconventional petroleum exploration and production. The first part covers the basics of unconventional petroleum geology, its introduction, concept of unconventional petroleum geology, unconventional oil and gas reservoirs, and the origin and distribution of unconventional oil and gas. The second part is focused on unconventional petroleum development technologies, including a series of technologies on resource assessment, lab analysis, geophysical interpretation, and drilling and completion. The third and final section features case studies of unconventional hydrocarbon resources, including tight oil and gas, shale oil and gas, coal bed methane, heavy oil, gas hydrates, and oil and gas in volcanic and metamorphic rocks. Provides an up-to-date, systematic, and comprehensive overview of all unconventional hydrocarbons Reorganizes and updates more than half of the first edition content, including four new chapters Includes a glossary on unconventional petroleum types, including tight-sandstone oil and gas, coal-bed gas, shale gas, oil and gas in fissure-cave-type carbonate rocks, in volcanic reservoirs, and in metamorphic rocks, heavy crude oil and natural bitumen, and gas hydrates Presents new theories, new methods, new technologies, and new management methods, helping to meet the demands of technology development and production requirements in unconventional plays
The Greenhouse Gas Protocol
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Author :
language : en
Publisher: World Business Pub.
Release Date : 2004
The Greenhouse Gas Protocol written by and has been published by World Business Pub. this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2004 with Business enterprises categories.
The GHG Protocol Corporate Accounting and Reporting Standard helps companies and other organizations to identify, calculate, and report GHG emissions. It is designed to set the standard for accurate, complete, consistent, relevant and transparent accounting and reporting of GHG emissions.
Methods In Gut Microbial Ecology For Ruminants
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Author : Harinder P.S. Makkar
language : en
Publisher: Springer Science & Business Media
Release Date : 2006-02-23
Methods In Gut Microbial Ecology For Ruminants written by Harinder P.S. Makkar and has been published by Springer Science & Business Media this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2006-02-23 with Science categories.
Asaresultofvarioushumanactivities,suchasincreaseinhumanpopulation,decrease in arable land due to soil degradation, urbanization, industrialization and associated increase in the demand for livestock products, dramatic changes are occurring in the global ruminant livestock sector. These changes includeshift inthesize of regional livestock populations and in the types of management and feeding systems under which ruminant livestock are held, and increased demand of a wider range of quality attributes from animal agriculture, not just of the products themselves but also of the methods used in their production. The livestock sector will need to respond to newchallengesofincreasinglivestockproductivitywhileprotectingenvironmentand human health and conservingbiodiversity and natural resources. The micro-organisms in the digestive tracts of ruminant livestock have a profound in?uence on the conversion offeedinto end products, which can impact on the- imal and theenvironment. As the livestock sector grows particularly in developing countries, there will be an increasing need to understand these processes for b- ter management and use ofbothfeed and other natural resources that underpinthe development of sustainable feeding systems.
