Environmental Assessment Managing Black Bear Damage To Timber In Western Oregon
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Environmental Assessment Managing Black Bear Damage To Timber In Western Oregon
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Author :
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2003
Environmental Assessment Managing Black Bear Damage To Timber In Western Oregon written by and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2003 with Bears categories.
Finding Of No Significant Impact And Decision For Management Of Black Bear Damage To Timber In Western Oregon
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Author :
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2003
Finding Of No Significant Impact And Decision For Management Of Black Bear Damage To Timber In Western Oregon written by and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2003 with Bears categories.
Timber Damage By Black Bears
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Author : Dale L. Nolte
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2003
Timber Damage By Black Bears written by Dale L. Nolte and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2003 with Black bear categories.
Describes alternative approaches to controlling the damage black bears cause during the spring when they strip bark to eat the newly formed wood underneath. One bear might strip as many as 70 trees in a day. The trees will be damaged and may be killed if the bark is stripped all the way around the tree, girdling it. Bears appear to strip the most vigorous trees, preferring stands that have been thinned, or those where urea fertilizer has been applied. Bears also appear to prefer trees with a high concentration of sugars relative to the concentration of terpenes. Pruning decreases the sugar-to-terpene ratio, reducing the likelihood that trees will be stripped by bears. Bears generally quit stripping trees once other foods become available during the late spring or early summer. One approach to reducing damage has been to provide supplemental feed (pellets resembling dog food) in stands being damaged by bears. In one study, damage was just one-fifth as much in stands with feeders as in stands without feeders. Killing bears in areas where trees are being stripped can also reduce damage. Other approaches, such as relocation, contraception or sterilization, or repellents, are not generally practical for protecting forest plantations.
A Multi Spatial Scale Economic Analysis Of The Impacts Of Bear Damage To Douglas Fir On Private Timberlands In The Pacific Northwest
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Author : Kristina N. Kline
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2016
A Multi Spatial Scale Economic Analysis Of The Impacts Of Bear Damage To Douglas Fir On Private Timberlands In The Pacific Northwest written by Kristina N. Kline and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2016 with Bark stripping by animals categories.
Black bears (Ursus americanus) in western Oregon and Washington peel bark from conifers in early spring to forage on the sugar-rich phloem and cambial tissues. This provides important energy at a time when similarly attractive forage is scarce. Bears often damage Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii) trees in stands that are intensively managed for timber production, as management activities including thinning and fertilization increase productivity. Fully girdled trees result in a complete economic loss while partial girdling reduces survival rates as well as merchantable volume. Previous studies on economic impacts have assessed only those losses to fully girdled trees, but not additional impacts from wounded trees. We surveyed four severely damaged stands to assess economic impacts at the stand-level, and surveyed 122 randomly selected vulnerable stands to assess economic impacts at the landscape-level. Two damage scenarios were considered. Scenario one accounted for the additional mortality and volume losses from partially girdled trees, whereas scenario two assumed that all bear-peeled trees resulted in a complete loss. Stand volumes were estimated using the Forest Vegetation Simulator growth and yield model. Economic losses were estimated using the Fuel Reduction Cost Simulator and present value models. At the stand-level, economic losses to severe bear damage in scenario one ranged from $6,100 to $24,500. Economic losses in scenario two ranged from $19,500 to $74,700. Undamaged stands were valued from $43K-$250K. At the landscape level, economic losses to vulnerable stands in scenario one ranged from $44,500 to $726,000. Economic losses in scenario two ranged from $169,000 to $2.8M. Undamaged stands were valued from $48M-$780.5M. Root disease was a more prevalent damage agent than black bear damage. The majority of bear damage observed (92%) was older (>2 yrs) and existed at a low frequency (1.5 bear damaged trees/ha) and severity across the landscape. Our results suggest that bear damage management over the last two decades may have reached a level of efficiency at reducing damage, and if continued, bear damage may remain at low levels across the landscape. On-the-ground monitoring of the status of bear damage frequency and severity across western Oregon and Washington at both the stand and landscape levels will provide an understanding of these changes over time as a result of management decisions.
Report Environmental Effects Of Forest Biomass Removal
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Author :
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2008
Report Environmental Effects Of Forest Biomass Removal written by and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2008 with Forest biomass categories.
Forest Based Biomass Energy
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Author : Frank Spellman
language : en
Publisher: CRC Press
Release Date : 2011-12-07
Forest Based Biomass Energy written by Frank Spellman and has been published by CRC Press this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2011-12-07 with Nature categories.
What is forest-based biomass energy and why should we care? Written by environmental expert Frank Spellman, Forest-Based Biomass Energy: Concepts and Applications details how forest biomass can be converted to energy and energy products, including direct combustion, pellets, gasification, and co-firing. It explores the possibilities of forest-based
Roseburg District Area Resource S Management Plan Rmp
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Author :
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 1994
Roseburg District Area Resource S Management Plan Rmp written by and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 1994 with categories.
Summaries Of The Proceedings Of The Western Forestry Conference
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Author : Western Forestry Conference
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 1986
Summaries Of The Proceedings Of The Western Forestry Conference written by Western Forestry Conference and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 1986 with Forest fires categories.
Annual Report Pacific Northwest Forest And Range Experiment Station
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Author : Pacific Northwest Forest and Range Experiment Station (Portland, Or.)
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date :
Annual Report Pacific Northwest Forest And Range Experiment Station written by Pacific Northwest Forest and Range Experiment Station (Portland, Or.) and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on with categories.
Summaries Of The Proceedings Of The Western Forestry Conference
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Author : Western Forestry and Conservation Association (U.S.)
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 1987
Summaries Of The Proceedings Of The Western Forestry Conference written by Western Forestry and Conservation Association (U.S.) and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 1987 with Forest fires categories.