Finding Of No Significant Impact And Decision For Management Of Black Bear Damage To Timber In Western Oregon
DOWNLOAD
Download Finding Of No Significant Impact And Decision For Management Of Black Bear Damage To Timber In Western Oregon PDF/ePub or read online books in Mobi eBooks. Click Download or Read Online button to get Finding Of No Significant Impact And Decision For Management Of Black Bear Damage To Timber In Western Oregon book now. This website allows unlimited access to, at the time of writing, more than 1.5 million titles, including hundreds of thousands of titles in various foreign languages. If the content not found or just blank you must refresh this page
Finding Of No Significant Impact And Decision For Management Of Black Bear Damage To Timber In Western Oregon
DOWNLOAD
Author :
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2003
Finding Of No Significant Impact And Decision For Management Of Black Bear Damage To Timber In Western Oregon written by and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2003 with Bears categories.
Timber Damage By Black Bears
DOWNLOAD
Author : Dale L. Nolte
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2003
Timber Damage By Black Bears written by Dale L. Nolte and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2003 with Black bear categories.
Describes alternative approaches to controlling the damage black bears cause during the spring when they strip bark to eat the newly formed wood underneath. One bear might strip as many as 70 trees in a day. The trees will be damaged and may be killed if the bark is stripped all the way around the tree, girdling it. Bears appear to strip the most vigorous trees, preferring stands that have been thinned, or those where urea fertilizer has been applied. Bears also appear to prefer trees with a high concentration of sugars relative to the concentration of terpenes. Pruning decreases the sugar-to-terpene ratio, reducing the likelihood that trees will be stripped by bears. Bears generally quit stripping trees once other foods become available during the late spring or early summer. One approach to reducing damage has been to provide supplemental feed (pellets resembling dog food) in stands being damaged by bears. In one study, damage was just one-fifth as much in stands with feeders as in stands without feeders. Killing bears in areas where trees are being stripped can also reduce damage. Other approaches, such as relocation, contraception or sterilization, or repellents, are not generally practical for protecting forest plantations.
Environmental Assessment Managing Black Bear Damage To Timber In Western Oregon
DOWNLOAD
Author :
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2003
Environmental Assessment Managing Black Bear Damage To Timber In Western Oregon written by and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2003 with Bears categories.
A Multi Spatial Scale Economic Analysis Of The Impacts Of Bear Damage To Douglas Fir On Private Timberlands In The Pacific Northwest
DOWNLOAD
Author : Kristina N. Kline
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2016
A Multi Spatial Scale Economic Analysis Of The Impacts Of Bear Damage To Douglas Fir On Private Timberlands In The Pacific Northwest written by Kristina N. Kline and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2016 with Bark stripping by animals categories.
Black bears (Ursus americanus) in western Oregon and Washington peel bark from conifers in early spring to forage on the sugar-rich phloem and cambial tissues. This provides important energy at a time when similarly attractive forage is scarce. Bears often damage Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii) trees in stands that are intensively managed for timber production, as management activities including thinning and fertilization increase productivity. Fully girdled trees result in a complete economic loss while partial girdling reduces survival rates as well as merchantable volume. Previous studies on economic impacts have assessed only those losses to fully girdled trees, but not additional impacts from wounded trees. We surveyed four severely damaged stands to assess economic impacts at the stand-level, and surveyed 122 randomly selected vulnerable stands to assess economic impacts at the landscape-level. Two damage scenarios were considered. Scenario one accounted for the additional mortality and volume losses from partially girdled trees, whereas scenario two assumed that all bear-peeled trees resulted in a complete loss. Stand volumes were estimated using the Forest Vegetation Simulator growth and yield model. Economic losses were estimated using the Fuel Reduction Cost Simulator and present value models. At the stand-level, economic losses to severe bear damage in scenario one ranged from $6,100 to $24,500. Economic losses in scenario two ranged from $19,500 to $74,700. Undamaged stands were valued from $43K-$250K. At the landscape level, economic losses to vulnerable stands in scenario one ranged from $44,500 to $726,000. Economic losses in scenario two ranged from $169,000 to $2.8M. Undamaged stands were valued from $48M-$780.5M. Root disease was a more prevalent damage agent than black bear damage. The majority of bear damage observed (92%) was older (>2 yrs) and existed at a low frequency (1.5 bear damaged trees/ha) and severity across the landscape. Our results suggest that bear damage management over the last two decades may have reached a level of efficiency at reducing damage, and if continued, bear damage may remain at low levels across the landscape. On-the-ground monitoring of the status of bear damage frequency and severity across western Oregon and Washington at both the stand and landscape levels will provide an understanding of these changes over time as a result of management decisions.
Wildlife Habitats In Managed Forests
DOWNLOAD
Author : Jack Ward Thomas
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 1979
Wildlife Habitats In Managed Forests written by Jack Ward Thomas and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 1979 with Forest animals categories.
That is what this book is about. It is a framework for planning, in which habitat is the key to managing wildlife and making forest managers accountable for their actions. This book is based on the collective knowledge of one group of resource professionals and their understanding about how wildlife relate to forest habitats. And it provides a longoverdue system for considering the impacts of changes in forest structure on all resident wildlife.
Bears Of The World
DOWNLOAD
Author : Vincenzo Penteriani
language : en
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Release Date : 2020-11-30
Bears Of The World written by Vincenzo Penteriani and has been published by Cambridge University Press this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2020-11-30 with Nature categories.
Bears have fascinated people since ancient times. The relationship between bears and humans dates back thousands of years, during which time we have also competed with bears for shelter and food. In modern times, bears have come under pressure through encroachment on their habitats, climate change, and illegal trade in their body parts, including the Asian bile bear market. The IUCN lists six bears as vulnerable or endangered, and even the least concern species, such as the brown bear, are at risk of extirpation in certain countries. The poaching and international trade of these most threatened populations are prohibited, but still ongoing. Covering all bears species worldwide, this beautifully illustrated volume brings together the contributions of 200 international bear experts on the ecology, conservation status, and management of the Ursidae family. It reveals the fascinating long history of interactions between humans and bears and the threats affecting these charismatic species.
Decision Notice Finding Of No Significant Impact And Environmental Assessment
DOWNLOAD
Author : United States. Forest Service. Clearwater Ranger District
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 1990
Decision Notice Finding Of No Significant Impact And Environmental Assessment written by United States. Forest Service. Clearwater Ranger District and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 1990 with Logging categories.
Backpacker
DOWNLOAD
Author :
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2007-09
Backpacker written by and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2007-09 with categories.
Backpacker brings the outdoors straight to the reader's doorstep, inspiring and enabling them to go more places and enjoy nature more often. The authority on active adventure, Backpacker is the world's first GPS-enabled magazine, and the only magazine whose editors personally test the hiking trails, camping gear, and survival tips they publish. Backpacker's Editors' Choice Awards, an industry honor recognizing design, feature and product innovation, has become the gold standard against which all other outdoor-industry awards are measured.
Decision And Finding Of No Significant Impact For Predator Damage Management In Western Wyoming
DOWNLOAD
Author : Wildlife Services (U.S.). Western Region
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 1997
Decision And Finding Of No Significant Impact For Predator Damage Management In Western Wyoming written by Wildlife Services (U.S.). Western Region and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 1997 with Predatory animals categories.
Bulletin Of The Atomic Scientists
DOWNLOAD
Author :
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 1973-10
Bulletin Of The Atomic Scientists written by and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 1973-10 with categories.
The Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists is the premier public resource on scientific and technological developments that impact global security. Founded by Manhattan Project Scientists, the Bulletin's iconic "Doomsday Clock" stimulates solutions for a safer world.