Epidemiology Of Rhizomania Disease Of Sugar Beet

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Epidemiology Of Rhizomania Disease Of Sugar Beet

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Author : Gerrie Tuitert
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 1994

Epidemiology Of Rhizomania Disease Of Sugar Beet written by Gerrie Tuitert and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 1994 with Sugar beet categories.

Rhizomania

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Author : Enrico Biancardi
language : en
Publisher: Springer
Release Date : 2016-09-20

Rhizomania written by Enrico Biancardi and has been published by Springer this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2016-09-20 with Science categories.

The knowledge of ecology and epidemiology of rhizomania is particularly useful to understand the means and practices able to limit or avoid its further diffusion. Some promising methods of biological control using coexisting and non-pathogenic organisms could potentially help improve the action of the not completely effective genetic resistances. This integrated protection would be valuable, especially in the even more frequent development of resistance–breaking strains in the BNYVV, where the known types of resistance, alone or in combination, seem to have lost part of their original ability to protect the crop. Therefore, further efforts will be needed to discover new traits likely still present in the wild species of the genus Beta. The availability of large collections of germplasm stored in the International Beta gene-banks should ensure the enhanced efficiency of genetic resistance by means of conventional and marker-assisted selection methods. Some almost immune transgenic varieties seem already to be waiting for release where and when it will be possible. The introduction chapter describes briefly the sugar beet crop, the more common diseases, and the damage caused by rhizomania. The following chapters discuss biological properties of the causal virus, BNYVV, and its vector, Polymyxa betae, and their interactions with the environment and the host-plant. In particular, the great advances in research of the molecular biology of BNYVV should be noteworthy, which have been established by a wide range of the most modern methods. Recent work focused on the genetic diversity and evolution of BNYVV is moving forward our understanding of the dramatic worldwide epidemics of rhizomania. Newly developed molecular techniques also lead to practical applications, such as quantification of inoculum in ecological and epidemiological research.

Occurrence Spread And Pathogenicity Of Different Beet Necrotic Yellow Vein Virus Bnyvv Isolates

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Author : Friederike Pferdmenges
language : en
Publisher: Cuvillier Verlag
Release Date : 2008-01-29

Occurrence Spread And Pathogenicity Of Different Beet Necrotic Yellow Vein Virus Bnyvv Isolates written by Friederike Pferdmenges and has been published by Cuvillier Verlag this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2008-01-29 with Science categories.

Rhizomania (beet necrotic yellow vein virus, BNYVV) represents an important sugar beet disease, which is transmitted by the biotrophic plasmodiophoromycete Polymyxa betae. As long as the disease is not controlled it can lead to yield losses up to 90%. To date yield losses due to BNYVV infestation are inhibited by cultivating resistant sugar beet genotypes, which restrict the virus replication and translocation from infected hair-roots to the taproot. The BNYVV resistance is provided in marketable sugar beet varieties by two major resistance sources (Rz1 and Rz2 which either occur singular or in combination). But meanwhile on sugar beet genotypes carrying one (Rz1) as well as two resistance genes (Rz1+Rz2) resistance breaks could be observed at several BNYVV A-type infected sites in the USA and in Spain. To confirm these observations a 12 weeks greenhouse resistance test with three different cultivars (two partial resistant genotypes containing either Rz1 or Rz1+Rz2 resistance sources as well as a susceptible genotype) under standardized conditions with naturally infested soils from 6 locations was performed. The single resistance (Rz1) was compromised in soils from Spain (D), France (P-type, RNA-5 containing), and the USA (IV and MN); in reference soils from Italy (R, A-type) and Germany (GG, B-type) Rz1 resistant sugar beets were not affected. Overcoming of Rz1+Rz2 resistance after 12 weeks could only be observed in D soil. Over and above the genomic region that encodes for the pathogenicity factor (P25) of the BNYVV RNA3 from beets grown in all soils was analysed. Previously suggested correlation between “valine” on position 67 of P25 and a higher virulencecould not be confirmed. Isolates in one of the soils as well as experiments previously published, where overcoming of resistance could be observed, contain several other aa67 than valine. Analyses of additional soil borne pathogens using ITS sequencing and database comparison showed the presence of three pathogens (Rhizoctonia solani Keskin, Fusarium sp., Pythium sp.). Synergism between BNYVV, Rhizoctonia solani Keskin and Pythium sp. could lead to severe virus symptoms and weight reductions particularly in the Spanish soil. To determine if resistance breaks are correlated with the BNYVV inoculum concentration a “Most Probable Number“(MPN) - tests was conducted where same soils as in the resistance tests were examined. Thereby, D soil revealed the highest BNYVV density, the GG soil on the other hand displayed 520 times lower MPN. In order to obtain information on the aggressiveness of particular virus isolates an additional MPN with Rz1+Rz2 genotypes was performed. Within this test D, IV, MN and P resulted again in high BNYVV densities even able to infect Rz1+Rz2 plants after 4 weeks cultivation. These results give strong evidence that high inoculum doses are not responsible for the observed resistance breaks. To prove this conclusion another experiment with normalise inoculum added to sterile soil was carried out. Within this test three time harvests were conducted after 4, 8 and 12 weeks. Obviously, a significant differentiation of virus isolate vs. genotype correlating to tap root weight was only observed after 12 weeks. Consistently, applying adjusted inoculum density, D, IV, MN and P produced the highest virus contents at 12 weeks. Thus, resistance breaks must be connected to high BNYVV pathogenicity and not to inoculum density. Additional, experiments were conducted to test the influence of viruliferous P. betae zoospore concentrations from various origins, carrying different BNYVV-types. But due to uncertainty how many of the zoospores are actually viruliferous, the data resulted in highly different outcomes, not correlating to the results from tests in naturally infected soil. Moreover, efforts were undertaken to shorten resistance tests and replace them with time saving artificial sugar beet leaf inoculation via co-infiltration of a BNYVV RNA3 encoding P25 infectious cDNA clone and a red fluorescing marker gene (mRFP). Although, the method itself worked very well in young sugar beet leaves, no differences concerning the sugar beet genotype could be detected. The expected variability of fluorescence intensity comparing susceptible and resistant sugar beet cultivars was not given.

Compendium Of Beet Diseases And Pests

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Author : Robert Martin Harveson
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2009

Compendium Of Beet Diseases And Pests written by Robert Martin Harveson and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2009 with Beets categories.

Compendium of Beet Diseases and Pests, Second Edition is a complete revision of the first edition and is updated and expanded to provide current and relevant beet (Beta vulgaris L.) production problems in one comprehensive volume. This revision was authored by 28 scientists affiliated with 14 different institutions or organizations, and contains nearly 400 images throughout, approximately 80% of which are new to this volume.This second edition has been significantly expanded and is organized into several major sections, including a new introduction with brief histories of beet production, botany, and breeding. The remainder of the book is divided into 5 major parts: biotic disorders, abiotic disorders, postharvest deterioration of sugar beet, major insect and arthropod pests, and newly emerging issues. The description of each disease includes a general account of its importance and world distribution, symptoms, causal organism or agent, disease cycle and epidemiology, management, and selected references.This volume includes significantly updated and timely information concerning rhizomania and several other new soilborne viral diseases transmitted by Polymyxa betae. It also includes several emerging production issues of potential concern including development of fungicide resistant strains of Cercospora betae, root disease complexes, and new diseases such as black beet scorch and non-traditional Fusarium-associated problems. Special emphasis was placed on increasing the number of images of plant injury symptoms due to herbicides, nutritional deficiencies, and pathogens and insects - along with their distinguishing characteristics.

Genetics And Breeding Of Sugar Beet

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Author : Enrico Biancardi
language : en
Publisher: CRC Press
Release Date : 2005-01-04

Genetics And Breeding Of Sugar Beet written by Enrico Biancardi and has been published by CRC Press this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2005-01-04 with Science categories.

The book comes during a time of rapid expansion in molecular technology-based selection approaches that are destined to modify or supplement conventional breeding methodology. The new technologies will allow genetic and physiological factors influencing sugar yield and quality to be assessed in great detail and manipulated. These novel techniques w

The Sugar Beet Crop

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Author : D.A. Cooke
language : en
Publisher: Springer Science & Business Media
Release Date : 2012-12-06

The Sugar Beet Crop written by D.A. Cooke and has been published by Springer Science & Business Media this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2012-12-06 with Technology & Engineering categories.

D.A. Cooke and R.K. Scott Sugar beet is one of just two crops (the other being sugar cane) which constitute the only important sources of sucrose - a product with sweeten ing and preserving properties that make it a major component of, or additive to, a vast range of foods, beverages and pharmaceuticals. Sugar, as sucrose is almost invariably called, has been a valued compo nent of the human diet for thousands of years. For the great majority of that time the only source of pure sucrose was the sugar-cane plant, varieties of which are all species or hybrids within the genus Saccharum. The sugar-cane crop was, and is, restricted to tropical and subtropical regions, and until the eighteenth century the sugar produced from it was available in Europe only to the privileged few. However, the expansion of cane production, particularly in the Caribbean area, in the late seventeenth and the eighteenth centuries, and the new sugar-beet crop in Europe in the nineteenth century, meant that sugar became available to an increasing proportion of the world's population.

Epidemiology Of Mycotoxin Producing Fungi

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Author : Xiangming Xu
language : en
Publisher: Springer Science & Business Media
Release Date : 2013-11-11

Epidemiology Of Mycotoxin Producing Fungi written by Xiangming Xu and has been published by Springer Science & Business Media this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2013-11-11 with Science categories.

Under the aegis of COST Action 835 `Agriculturally Important Toxigenic Fungi 1998-2003', EU Project (QLK 1-CT-1998-01380)

Encyclopedia Of Virology

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Author :
language : en
Publisher: Academic Press
Release Date : 2021-02-24

Encyclopedia Of Virology written by and has been published by Academic Press this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2021-02-24 with Science categories.

Encyclopedia of Virology, Fourth Edition, Five Volume Set builds on the solid foundation laid by the previous editions, expanding its reach with new and timely topics. In five volumes, the work provides comprehensive coverage of the whole virosphere, making this a unique resource. Content explores viruses present in the environment and the pathogenic viruses of humans, animals, plants and microorganisms. Key areas and concepts concerning virus classification, structure, epidemiology, pathogenesis, diagnosis, treatment and prevention are discussed, guiding the reader through chapters that are presented at an accessible level, and include further readings for those needing more specific information. More than ever now, with the Covid19 pandemic, we are seeing the huge impact viruses have on our life and society. This encyclopedia is a must-have resource for scientists and practitioners, and a great source of information for the wider public. Offers students and researchers a one-stop shop for information on virology not easily available elsewhere Fills a critical gap of information in a field that has seen significant progress in recent years Authored and edited by recognized experts in the field, with a range of different expertise, thus ensuring a high-quality standard

Sugar Beet Cultivation Management And Processing

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Author : Varucha Misra
language : en
Publisher: Springer Nature
Release Date : 2022-08-21

Sugar Beet Cultivation Management And Processing written by Varucha Misra and has been published by Springer Nature this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2022-08-21 with Technology & Engineering categories.

This book is a compilation of advancements and achievements in the field of sugar beet cultivation. It covers recent research and up-to-date information on this crop. It discusses essential aspects for high production and good yield, development and crop management, such as origin, breeding, seed production, physiology, pathology, entomology, biotechnology, and post-harvest technology. Sugar beet is known as an alternative crop for sugar production. A versatile crop having numerous uses, besides being raw material for sugar production, its molasses contain high amount of betaine which is used as a feed supplement. Due to its value profile it has attracted the millers and farmers alike. This book is of interest to teachers, researchers, agriculture scientists, capacity builders and policymakers. Also the book serves as additional reading material for graduate students of agriculture, forestry, ecology and soil science. National and international agricultural scientists, policy makers will also find this to be a useful read.

Sugar Beet

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Author : A. Philip Draycott
language : en
Publisher: John Wiley & Sons
Release Date : 2008-04-15

Sugar Beet written by A. Philip Draycott and has been published by John Wiley & Sons this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2008-04-15 with Technology & Engineering categories.

Sugar beet, alongside sugar cane, is the main source of sugar across the world. Grown widely in Europe, North and South America, Asia and parts of North Africa, the crop is at the core of a multi-billion dollar global industry. A. Philip Draycott has gathered 32 international experts to create this defining text, providing a comprehensive review of the latest research in a clear and accessible form, providing the reader with: Definitive account of this major world crop Coverage of all aspects of successful sugar beet growing Over 2,500 references from international literature Colour images to assist in the identification of sugar beet pests, diseases and nutrient deficiencies All those involved with the crop, including growers and processors, sugar beet and sugar organisations and society members will find this book to be an invaluable resource. Agricultural and plant scientists, food scientists and technologists and all libraries in research institutions where these subjects are studied and taught will find it a valuable addition to their shelves.