Essays In Health And Demographic Economics

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Essays In Health And Demographic Economics

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Author : Héctor Pifarré i Arolas
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2015

Essays In Health And Demographic Economics written by Héctor Pifarré i Arolas and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2015 with categories.

This dissertation consists of four essays on health and demographic economics. In the first chapter, I explore the implementation of the theory of equality of opportunity (EOp) developed by Roemer (1998) to health in a joint work with Guillem Lopez and Frederic Udina. A common impediment to the achievement of EOp applications with given resources constraints is that it is unlikely that public policies can fully compensate for existing unfair inequalities. This scenario is particularly relevant in the case of health policy, where public spending coexists with a large private spending component. We argue that if social justice is not attainable, social deliberation should not only focus on choosing the circumstances that ought to be compensated but also reflect on which groups suffering unfair inequalities should be prioritized. The second chapter examines the impact of income-related reporting heterogeneity on the measurement of health inequality. While most studies of health inequality rely on self-reported measures of health, recent research has studied the possibility that part of the existing differences in self-reported health could be due to systematic differences in reporting across socioeconomic groups. The concern is that part of the existing inequalities may not be founded on differences in the “true” health status of individuals. In particular, some studies have concluded that reliance on self-reported health might have resulted in an overstatement on the degree of health inequality of some countries. I study the income-related reporting heterogeneity hypothesis in the 2006 wave of the Catalan Survey of Health and I find that the main contributor to health inequality is the disproportionate concentration of the prevalence of reported conditions in lower income groups. The third chapter, joint with Hippolyte d'Albis and Loesse Jacques Esso, studies the trends in mortality convergence across developed countries from 1960 to 2008. While the epidemiological transition has provided a theory behind the expectation of convergence in mortality patterns, our results reject the convergence hypothesis for a sample of industrialized countries. We study the disparities across the mortality distributions of the countries and our sample and find no evidence of convergence towards a common mortality distribution.The fourth and final chapter of this dissertation examines the relationship between unemployment and fertility. I offer a possible explanation for the apparent contradiction between the empirical work that finds a negative relationship between unemployment and fertility and the theoretical work that emphasizes the lower opportunity cost of childbearing while unemployed. I reconcile these perspectives by distinguishing two forms of unemployment. The first form is structural unemployment while the second is cyclical unemployment, a less permanent component of unemployment that is linked to the economic cycle. I study both effects over the life cycle using cohort data on a panel of developed countries. I find that while structural unemployment has an unambiguous negative effect on fertility, reactions to cyclical unemployment depend on the age at which it is experienced.

Essays In Demographic Health And Labor Economics

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Author : Ying Chu Ng
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 1991

Essays In Demographic Health And Labor Economics written by Ying Chu Ng and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 1991 with Human capital categories.

Essays In The Economics Of Health And Medical Care

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Author : Victor R. Fuchs
language : en
Publisher: New York : National Bureau of Economic Research distributed by Columbia University Press
Release Date : 1972

Essays In The Economics Of Health And Medical Care written by Victor R. Fuchs and has been published by New York : National Bureau of Economic Research distributed by Columbia University Press this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 1972 with Medical categories.

Collection of essays on the economics of health and health services in the USA - covers supply and demand, budgetary resources, cost and objectives with regard to medical care, and considers wages and income distribution among medical personnel, effects of health care on labour productivity, etc. References and statistical tables.

Three Essays In Health Economics

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Author : Matias Francisco Ortiz de Zárate Rodríguez
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2022

Three Essays In Health Economics written by Matias Francisco Ortiz de Zárate Rodríguez and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2022 with categories.

Essays On The Quality Of Life

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Author : Alex C. Michalos
language : en
Publisher: Springer Science & Business Media
Release Date : 2013-04-17

Essays On The Quality Of Life written by Alex C. Michalos and has been published by Springer Science & Business Media this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2013-04-17 with Social Science categories.

Since initiating the journal Social Indicators Research in 1974, Alex C. Michalos has been a pioneer in social indicators and quality-of-life research. This collection of nineteen articles provides an overview of nearly 30 years of work, including papers drawn from diverse sources and papers never published before. The final paper, on multiple discrepancies theory (MDT), is the author's unique contribution to an empirically testable new foundation for theories of utility, satisfaction and happiness.

Health Citizenship

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Author : Dorothy Porter
language : en
Publisher: University of California Press
Release Date : 2011

Health Citizenship written by Dorothy Porter and has been published by University of California Press this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2011 with Medical policy categories.

The rights and responsibilities of health citizenship are increasingly at the forefront of public policy debates concerning disease prevention and health management. These debates have global implications for prosperity, equality, and stability in dramatically changing demographic, economic, political and ecological environments. This collection represents a selection of critical essays produced by one of the most eminent historians of public health and social medicine over the previous two decades. Anyone settng out to understand the history of public health, the rise of the modern state, the role of the social sciences in population health promotion, and the changing social contract of health citizenship in industrial and post-industrial societies will find this volume essential.

Essays In Health Economics

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Author :
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2015

Essays In Health Economics written by and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2015 with categories.

This dissertation consists of three essays in health economics related issues. In the first chapter, I estimated health insurance expansion's effects on young adults' employment using MEPS. In 2010 young adults were allowed to stay on their parent's health insurance plan until the age of 26 by a policy change under the ACA. I used a difference-in-differences model to estimate labor supply effects of this policy on young adults. 23-25-year-olds are in the treatment group, and 26-30-year-olds are in the control group. Additionally, I estimated heterogeneity of the policy's labor supply effect by socio-economic groups. I found that extensive and intensive labor supply decreased among males. The effect is greater among men in higher socio-economic group. In the second chapter, I analyzed whether internet use has an effect on patients' mental health using BRFSS data. Over the last decade internet use has become universal. It provides various health related tools and information sources which may affect patients' distress levels in several ways, and health related distress can have large impacts on quality of life. I used variation across states' "right of way" policies during the broadband boom period of 2001-2005. Using rights of way rules' easiness as a proxy for broadband penetration rates, I investigated whether patients' mental health levels changed differently in states with more lenient rights of way rules. I found that among men internet use improves patients' mental health. In the third chapter, I studied labor market effects of the early Medicaid expansions under the ACA in 2010 using data from Current Population Survey. The ACA extends public insurance coverage to low income childless adults, yet we know very little about the effect of a public health insurance extension on childless adults' labor supply. The ACA allowed states to extend Medicaid and a number of states opted in early and extended Medicaid in 2010. I utilized this variation among states to evaluate whether the policy had any effect on childless adults' employment. I found that the policy had no effect on labor supply of the overall population. I found evidence that the policy mainly affected near-retirement-aged childless.

Three Essays On The Costs And Economic Implications Of Health Limits

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Author : Peijingran Yu
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2016

Three Essays On The Costs And Economic Implications Of Health Limits written by Peijingran Yu and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2016 with Electronic dissertations categories.

The dissertation considers the influence that the arrival of work limiting health conditions has on labor market activity but also on broader social behavior of those that experience them. The primary data source used in the analysis is the 2004 Survey of Income and Program Participation (SIPP). The first chapter examines demographic correlates of the evolution of work limiting health conditions in the United States. Beyond a basic description of the onset and incidence of specific health conditions and their association with common demographic covariates, a set of specific health conditions that arrive largely unexpectedly are identified. The primary method used is logistic regression. The second chapter then divides the reported health conditions in the SIPP into those that are less predictable (exogenous) versus those that are more predictable (endogenous). How the onset of work limiting health conditions affects the subsequent divorce behavior is studied across those groups. Using retrospective histories contained in the topical module on â€work disability history†of SIPP, I find that for men and women divorce behavior is not explained by the onset or evolution of exogenous health conditions while it is closely related to the onset or evolution of a broader, arguably, endogenous set of health conditions. The patterns of response are shown to vary by race and origin. The primary estimation method is a panel linear probability model with fixed effects. In the third chapter, the effects of exogenous health conditions and more predictable health conditions on employed people’s earnings and employment are examined. Using information contained in all waves of the core data and the topical module on â€work disability history†, I find that people who are observed employed and later experience the onset of any work related health conditions tend to have lower subsequent earnings and a lower probability of being employed compared to the people who stay healthy. The adverse impact is even greater for people with exogenous health conditions. The impact of any work limiting health condition exists among different demographic groups to varying degrees. The primary estimation method is a difference-in-differences regression model with person and year fixed-effects.

Essays On Health And Labor Economics

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Author : Nir Eilam
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2021

Essays On Health And Labor Economics written by Nir Eilam and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2021 with categories.

The three chapters of this dissertation explore different aspects of labor and health economics. My first chapter explores moral hazard in the context of a popular recent medical innovation called PrEP. PrEP is a drug introduced in 2012 that essentially eliminates the risk of contracting HIV. Since its introduction, it has become popular among gay men, who are responsible for the majority of HIV infections. Given the reduced risk of contracting HIV, users might be more likely to engage in risky sexual behaviors that might lead to increases in other STIs. In this paper, we examine this empirically. In our main specification, we proxy for PrEP use in a given state using the predetermined share of the population that is gay in that state, a measure that is highly predictive of PrEP use. We then exploit this pre-treatment cross-state variation in the concentration of gay men to estimate difference-in-difference and triple-difference event studies. We estimate that one additional male PrEP user increases male chlamydia, gonorrhea and syphilis cases by 0.66, 0.51, and 0.04, respectively. Counterfactual distributions suggest that male STI rates would have been between 17.9% and 25.6% lower in the absence of PrEP. This paper adds to the literature on moral hazard by examining the behavioral response to a medical innovation that is cheap, accessible, and confers substantial reduction in risk that is highly salient to users. In addition, it informs an open question regarding the increases in STIs in recent years. In my second chapter I explore the effect of extreme weather on migration in the United States. Extreme weather has become more frequent and intense over the past few decades. Its effect on migration in developed countries has been understudied. Given that the United States population has been historically highly mobile, direct and indirect effects of extreme weather could catalyze people to migrate. I test this empirically by exploiting spatial and temporal variation in extreme weather (temperature, precipitation and natural disasters) at the county level over 6 decades (1950-2010). A non-parametric estimation yields an inverted U-shape relationship between temperature and net-migration, where decades in which the temperature was further away from the 50-60 temperature bin exhibit lower net-migration; the effect is strongest at the extreme temperature bins. Specifically, one additional day in a year (averaged over a decade) with temperature above 90 decreases net migration by approximately 1.33 migrants per 100 population. Incidences of natural disasters and increased precipitation are also associated with decreased net-migration. I find that the effect is strongest for younger people, and I find no effect for old people. I also find that the magnitude of the relationship is not stronger for agriculture-dependent counties. This result is important as migration could mitigate the detrimental effects of climate change in the developed world. In addition, it suggests that future increase in extreme weather could entail a migration response that will affect different markets, which should be taken into account when considering the general equilibrium effects of climate change. In my third chapter I explore the labor market effects of a generous child allowance policy in Israel. Child allowances are generous in both eligibility and value and are one of the largest social welfare programs in Israel. Although prevalent in developed countries, research on the effect of universal child allowances on labor outcomes has been scarce. I aim to fill this gap by examining the effect on labor outcomes of a policy that drastically reduced child allowances in Israel during the years 2002-2005 in varying degrees of intensity, depending on parity. Employing several difference-in-differences analyses, I find that the policy increased the labor force participation of young women by 6.6% from baseline; I find no effect on working hours. I also find that younger and more educated women were more responsive. This paper informs policy makers in designing cash transfer programs in general and child benefits programs in particular

Essays In Health Economics

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Author : Anna Elizabeth Hill
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2015

Essays In Health Economics written by Anna Elizabeth Hill and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2015 with categories.

My first essay examines the relationship between medical innovation and moral hazard. I examine the behavioral response to one recent medical innovation: the Human Papillomavirus (HPV) vaccine. I use both medical claims and survey data to observe a comprehensive set of variables indicating risky behavior. I use instrumental variables and regression discontinuity designs to account for selection into vaccination and to determine the causal effect of receiving the vaccine on behavior and I find evidence of heterogeneous treatment effects. Results indicate that receiving the vaccine leads to moral hazard in low income adolescents; however the vaccine leads to a reduction in risky behavior in the overall population. My second essay is joint work with John Cawley. We use the American Time Use Survey to examine socioeconomic differences in waiting times. Socioeconomic characteristics are correlated with waiting time for medical care. Low income and publicly insured individuals wait longer than higher income groups and those with private coverage. It could be that lower income respondents are getting care without an appointment or that they experience a lower opportunity cost of time than high income respondents and are therefore showing up earlier to appointments. My third essay is also joint work with John Cawley, we examine the relationship between macroeconomic conditions and health. The majority of previous work on the relationship between economic conditions and health focuses on three categories of outcomes: mortality, health and wellbeing measures and health behaviors. We contribute to the large body of empirical work on the relationship between iii macroeconomic conditions and health by examining a range of behaviors via the American Time Use Survey that provide evidence about both the local labor market effect on the opportunity cost of time-intensive health investments. These health-related behaviors provide evidence about the mechanisms driving the relationship between the macroeconomy and health outcomes. We find that time spent in transit is reduced when the local unemployment rate increases and time spent sleeping increases. We also find mixed evidence on diet and exercise-related activities as well as risky behaviors. iv.