Essays On Development And Human Capital Investment
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Essays On Development And Human Capital Investment
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Author : Evelyn Monteiro Pereira Nunes
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2016
Essays On Development And Human Capital Investment written by Evelyn Monteiro Pereira Nunes and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2016 with categories.
The present dissertation consists of three essays related to economic development and human capital investment. The first essay investigates the choice between public and private schools in Brazil. I use cross-sectional survey data to show that families with higher income and schooling are less likely to enroll their children in public school. But if their race is black or brown, they are more likely to choose public schools, even when controlling for income, education and location. I do not find any evidence that this result comes from scarcity of private schools, race preferences, or residential segregation. But it is likely caused by the lower returns to education that black and brown individuals have. This essay shows that not only income and education matter for school choice in Brazil, but also race. The second essay explores the theory behind parental educational investments in the presence of heterogeneous returns. I build on the overlapping generations literature to study the investment that parents make on the education of their children, in a setting with private and public schools and different returns by group. This assumption is motivated by the findings in the first essay, and it results in different school choices based on income and returns. This difference in the educational investment leads to school segregation in equilibrium and may result in poverty traps. The third essay uses a quantitative approach to study the effects of implementing a voucher program in Brazil. I use simulated method of moments to estimate some parameters in a parental choice model, while calibrating others to the Brazilian economy. The estimation is used to evaluate how implementing private education vouchers compares with the non-voucher case. I find that vouchers increase the average human capital of the economy and reduce inequality measured by the Gini coefficient and coefficient of variation. In some cases it improves the welfare of the first generation affected by the voucher, while in others it will impose a welfare cost. For future generations there are large welfare gains of continuing this policy.
Essays In Development Economics
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Author : C. Amini
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2013
Essays In Development Economics written by C. Amini and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2013 with categories.
Essays In Development Economics
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Author : Chiara Amini
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2013
Essays In Development Economics written by Chiara Amini and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2013 with categories.
Essays On Human Capital Investment
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Author : Sarena Goodman
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2013
Essays On Human Capital Investment written by Sarena Goodman and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2013 with categories.
This dissertation contains a collection of essays on human capital formation and social service provision in the United States. The chapters evaluate three policies targeted to populations for whom the development and retention of skills is particularly critical--young adults, children, and the near-homeless. The first and second chapters focus on uncovering methods that could enhance the performance of the U.S. educational system: the first chapter examines a policy that better aligns educational expectations and potential among secondary school students; the second chapter evaluates a policy that incentivizes teachers to improve achievement among students in high-poverty primary and secondary schools. The third chapter examines an intervention designed to assist high-need families on the brink of homelessness. The chapters are also linked methodologically: in each, I exploit the exact timing of policy events (i.e., testing mandates, the opportunity for teachers to earn bonuses, the availability of homelessness prevention services) to identify their causal effects.
Essays In Human Capital Development
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Author : Randeep Kaur
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2017
Essays In Human Capital Development written by Randeep Kaur and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2017 with categories.
This dissertation studies decisions pertaining to human capital investment, specifically education and health. Specifically, I examine human capital decisions through two key research questions. One, what is the effect of household structures on decisions pertaining to human capital development of infants? Two, what is the effect of education policies on education choices? Chapter 1 of the dissertation examines the former by assessing the role of grandparents in household decisions, and Chapters 2 and 3 study the latter question using education policies in India and United States, respectively. Chapter 1 studies the role of grandparents in healthcare decisions made for infants. Using a unique research design, I show that a change to household structure caused by the death of the last living grandparent can be used to identify the effect of grandparents on household decisions, if one exploits the variation in the timing of these decisions relative to the death. This chapter highlights the importance of grandparents in household decisions, especially in context of technology diffusion and human capital development. It also makes an important contribution to the literature by offering a novel empirical strategy that could be used to study the effect of family members on a variety of outcomes in an extended household setting. Chapter 2 and Chapter 3 investigate how education policies affect educational outcomes of disadvantaged populations. In Chapter 2, I examine the effects of the world's largest free lunch program, the Mid Day Meal Scheme of India. Using an instrumental variable strategy, I explicitly incorporate the differential implementation levels of the policy across states. The findings of this paper show that India's free lunch program increased primary school enrollment in India, especially for girls and other disadvantaged populations. In Chapter 3, I study the effect of education policies on choices of students in higher education. In particular, I explore the impact of a policy change that allowed undocumented immigrants to be eligible for in-state tuition in Texas. Employing a difference-in-differences strategy, I find that the reduced college costs resulting from the in-state tuition policy decreased the gap in educational outcomes of undocumented immigrants and their US-born peers. The results of this chapter suggest that the in-state tuition policy increased the probability of graduating and graduating with advanced degrees from community colleges for undocumented immigrants.
Essays On Economic Growth And Development From An Intergenerational Perspective
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Author : Kenya Kura
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 1995
Essays On Economic Growth And Development From An Intergenerational Perspective written by Kenya Kura and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 1995 with Developing countries categories.
Essays On Human Capital Investments In Developing Countries
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Author : Emilie T. Bagby
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2011
Essays On Human Capital Investments In Developing Countries written by Emilie T. Bagby and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2011 with categories.
This dissertation encompasses three chapters that explore determinants of parental investments in their children0́9s health and education in developing countries. Below are the individual abstracts for each chapter. Chapter 1: Child Ability, Parental Investments and Child Nutrition in Ecuador This paper investigates the role of family composition and child cognitive ability in explaining how resource-constrained households make nutritional investment decisions in their children. Parents have private information about their children0́9s abilities and health that is typically not available to researchers. I use a unique panel household dataset from Ecuador0́9s Bono de Desarrollo Humano that contains a measure of child cognitive ability and allows me to estimate its affect on resource allocation. I address reverse causality due to the effects of investments on ability and I use within household fixed effects to look at children to look at the intra-household investment decision. Findings point to the existence of sibling rivalry due to resource constraints; children with more siblings, and children in poor households, are less likely to eat high-quality food. Children with higher abilities are less likely to share a nutritional supplement with another family member, suggesting that parents must decide how to invest their limited resources, and child ability informs that decision. Within households of more than one child, children with higher abilities are more likely to eat higher quality foods than their siblings, even after controlling for child body size. Chapter 2: Child Ability and Household Human Capital Investment Decisions in Burkina Faso Using data we collected in rural Burkina Faso, we examine how children0́9s cognitive abilities influence resource constrained households0́9 decisions to invest in their education. We use a direct measure of child ability for all primary school-aged children, regardless of current school enrollment. We explicitly incorporate direct measures of the ability of each child0́9s siblings (both absolute and relative measures) to show how sibling rivalry exerts an impact on the parent0́9s decision of whether and how much to invest in their child0́9s education. We find children with one standard deviation higher own ability are 16 percent more likely to be currently enrolled, while having a higher ability sibling lowers current enrollment by 16 percent and having two higher ability siblings lowers enrollment by 30 percent. Results are robust to addressing the potential reverse causality of schooling influencing child ability measures and using alternative cognitive tests to measure ability. Chapter 3: Risk and Protective Factors for School Dropout in Mexico and Chile Fourteen percent of Chilean youth and 30 percent of Mexican youth have dropped out prior to completing secondary school. Of these youth, 90 to 97 percent are considered 0́−at risk,0́+ meaning that they engage in or are at risk of engaging in risky behaviors that are detrimental to their own development and to the well-being of their societies. This paper uses youth surveys from Chile and Mexico to demonstrate that early school dropout is strongly correlated with a range of risky behaviors as well as typically unobservable risk and protective factors. We test which of a large set of potential factors are correlated with dropping out of school early and other risky behaviors. These factors range from relationships with parents and institutions to household behaviors (abuse, discipline techniques) to social exclusion. We use stepwise regressions to sort out which variables best explain the observed variance in risky behaviors. We also use a non-parametric methodology to characterize different sub-groups of youth according to the amount of risk in their lives. We find that while higher socioeconomic status emerges as key explanatory factors for school dropout and six additional risky behaviors for boys and girls in both countries, it is not the only one. A good relationship with parents and peers, strong connection with local governmental institutions and schools, urban residence, younger age, and spirituality also emerge as being strongly correlated with school dropout and different risky behaviors. Similarly, young people that leave school early also engage in other risky behaviors. The variety of factors associated with leaving school early suggests that while poverty is important, it is not the only risk factor. This points to a wider range of policy entry points than currently used, including targeting parents and the relationship with schools.
Essays In Development Economics Wealth And Poverty
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Author : Jagdish N. Bhagwati
language : en
Publisher: MIT Press
Release Date : 1985
Essays In Development Economics Wealth And Poverty written by Jagdish N. Bhagwati and has been published by MIT Press this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 1985 with Business & Economics categories.
Volume I, Wealth and Poverty, addresses domestic or internal development problems.
Essays In Development Economics
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Author : Andrew Martin Simons
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2016
Essays In Development Economics written by Andrew Martin Simons and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2016 with categories.
Understanding how the poor respond to programs, policies, and shocks in the developing world is central to the study of development economics. In this dissertation, I examine how households and communities respond to various stressors at three scales and in three different contexts. First, I examine how changes in rainfall and temperature affect household's investment in schooling for their children in Indonesia. Secondly, I examine how communities alter the distribution of aid in a large social safety net program in rural Ethiopia when communities are not given sufficient resources to implement the program as designed. Thirdly, I examine the behavioral response to the presence of researchers during the data collection process of a field evaluation of fuel-efficient cookstoves in Uganda. By examining the varied responses to stressors, these essays contribute to understanding the processes of development around the world.
Three Essays On Human Capital Child Care And Growth And On Mobility
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Author : Rizwana Alamgir-Arif
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2012
Three Essays On Human Capital Child Care And Growth And On Mobility written by Rizwana Alamgir-Arif and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2012 with Child care categories.
This thesis contributes to the fields of Public Economics and Development Economics by studying human capital formation under three scenarios. Each scenario is represented in an individual paper between Chapters 2 to 4 of this thesis. Chapter 2 examines the effect of child care financing, through human capital formation, on growth and welfare. There is an extensive literature on the benefits of child care affordability on labour market participation. The overall inference that can be drawn is that the availability and affordability of appropriate child care may enhance parental time spent outside the home in furthering their economic opportunities. In another front, the endogenous growth literature exemplifies the merits of subsidizing human capital in generating growth. Again, other contributions demonstrate the negative implications of taxes on the returns from human capital on long run growth and welfare. This paper assesses the long run welfare implications of child care subsidies financed by proportional income taxes when human capital serves as the engine of growth. More specifically, using an overlapping-generations framework (OLG) with endogenous labour choice, we study the implications of a distortionary wage income tax on growth and welfare. When the revenues from proportional income taxes are channelled towards improving economic opportunities for both work and schooling investments in the form of child care subsidies, long run physical and human capital stock may increase. A higher level of growth may ensue leading to higher welfare. Chapter 3 answers the question of how child care subsidization works in the interest of skill formation, and specifically, whether child care subsidization policies can work to the effect of human capital subsidies. Ample studies have highlighted the significance of early childhood learning through child care in determining the child's longer-term outcomes. The general conclusion has been that the quality of life for a child, higher earnings during later life, as well as the contributions the child makes to society as an adult can be traced back to exposures during the first few years of life. Early childhood education obtained through child care has been found to play a pivotal role in the human capital base amongst children that can benefit them in the long run. Based on this premise, the paper develops a simple Overlapping Generations Model (OLG) to find out the implications of early learning on future investments in human capital. It is shown that higher costs of child care will reduce skill investments of parents. Also, for some positive child care cost, higher human capital obtained through early childhood education can induce further skill investments amongst individuals with a higher willingness to substitute consumption intertemporally. Finally, intervention that can internalize the intra-generational human capital externalities arising from parental time spent outside the home - for which care/early learning is required to be purchased for the child - can unambiguously lead to higher skill investments by all individuals. Chapter 3 therefore proposes policy intervention, such as child care subsidization, as the effect of such will be akin to a human capital subsidy. The objective of Chapter 4 is to understand the implications of inter-regional mobility on higher educational investments of individuals and to study in detail the impact of mobility on government spending for education under two particular scenarios --one in which human capital externalities are non-localized and spill over to other regions (e.g. in the form of R & D), and another in which the externalities are localized and remain within the region. It is shown that mobility enhances private investments in education, and all else equal, welfare should be higher with increased migration. The impacts on government educational expenditures are studied and some policy implications are drawn. In general, with non-localized externalities, all public expenditures decline under full-migration. Finally under localized externalities, the paper finds that governments will increase their financing of education to increasingly mobile individuals only when agglomeration benefits outweigh congestion costs from increases in regional population.