Essays On Inequality Gender And Family Background
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Essays On Inequality Gender And Family Background
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Author : Karin Hederos Eriksson
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2014
Essays On Inequality Gender And Family Background written by Karin Hederos Eriksson and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2014 with categories.
Enduring Bonds
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Author : Philip N. Cohen
language : en
Publisher: Univ of California Press
Release Date : 2018-02-06
Enduring Bonds written by Philip N. Cohen and has been published by Univ of California Press this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2018-02-06 with Family & Relationships categories.
"Modern families provide essential support for happiness and well-being, but they are also engines of inequality, between men and women, between adults and children, and also between those who have supportive families and those who don't. The ability to successfully manage a family life is a modern marker of individual competence, and any failure risks social scorn and stigma. This collection of essays, tied to events in the news and using original demographic data with intuitive graphics, addresses the place of families in our system of inequality, the politics of family structure and change, the role of gender differentiation and segregation in family inequality, and the intersection of families with other forms of inequality"--Provided by publisher.
Three Essays In The Economics Of Gender And Development
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Author : David Aimé Zoundi
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2021
Three Essays In The Economics Of Gender And Development written by David Aimé Zoundi and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2021 with categories.
This Ph.D. thesis explores barriers to gender equality in developing countries. It is composed of three essays. The first essay (chapter 1) explores the roots of gender inequality favoring boys in education. It analyzes the effect of culture interaction with poor household economic on the school dropout probabilities of boys' and girls', using Malawi data. Malawi's suitability for this analysis stems from the coexistence in its territory of two different customs of post-marital residence for couples: patrilocal and matrilocal customs. Estimation results show that gender inequality in education is rooted in the interaction of household economic conditions and the custom of patrilocality—when a married couple settles near or with the husband's family after marriage. The essay concludes that public policies that make it unnecessary for parents to rely on traditional customs to organize their family life can eliminate gender inequality favoring boys' education. The last two essays analyze the issue of polygyny—when a man can have multiples wives simultaneously. This marriage institution has disappeared globally but remains confined in a cluster of sub-Saharan African countries, particularly in the Sahel region. Economic theory predicts that increasing women's education leads to the disappearance of polygyny. Still, empirical evidence is yet to establish this causal link, settling instead for a negative correlation between education and women's polygyny probabilities. The second essay examines the effect of education on women's polygyny probabilities, using primarily Uganda data. For identification, we use an estimation approach that jointly addresses sample selection and education endogeneity problems. We estimate a three-equation model comprising a polygyny (main) equation, a marriage (selection), and an education (endogeneity) equation. Estimation results confirm economic theory's prediction that increasing women's education leads to the disappearance of polygyny. The third and final essay provides evidence on the cause of the clustering of polygyny in drought-prone countries. Evidence shows that in village economies dependent on rainfed agriculture, the breakdown of informal risk-sharing arrangements following covariate shocks such as droughts increases the value of having a large family, both in size and composition, as a lever of resilience strategies. We find that polygyny allows households to build resilience to the adverse effects of drought on crop yields. These three essays contribute to advancing our knowledge of the barriers to gender inequalityin sub-Saharan Africa. It mainly draws attention to the importance for developing countries to invest in girls' schooling (Essay 2) and promote public policies that make it less attractive for parents to resort to traditional institutions to support their livelihoods (Essay 1). Additionally, policies such as those promoting smallholder farmers as a development strategy can contribute to the persistence of polygyny in drought-prone communities if done without weaning the rural population of its dependence on rainfed agriculture. In these settings, promoting resilience and adaptation strategies independent of household size can lead to polygyny and child marriage's disappearance (Essay 3).
Essays On Inequality
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Author : Jack Richard Blundell
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2021
Essays On Inequality written by Jack Richard Blundell and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2021 with categories.
The widespread prevalence of rising economic inequality across western democracies has led to immense academic and policy interest, as well as the rapid development of the tools required to study it. Researchers are now equipped with rich data and advanced computational methods which are well-suited to analyzing the processes underlying the extensive differences exhibited across individuals and groups within and between societies. To an extent, diverse outcomes reflect an intrinsic natural variation in individual tastes and preferences. However, in many cases we rather consider inequalities, particularly economic inequalities, to reflect injustice, misallocation and constrained opportunities. When considering labor market earnings, a substantial proportion of the variation across individuals can be explained by a single predictor: a worker's gender. In the first chapter of this dissertation I study a policy explicitly designed to reduce this association, in which employers are required to publicly report gender pay gap statistics. Proponents argue that increasing the information available to workers and consumers places pressure on firms to close pay gaps, but opponents argue that such policies are poorly targeted and ineffective. I contribute to the debate by analyzing the UK's recent reporting policy, in which employers are mandated to publicly report simple measures of their gender pay gap each year. Exploiting a discontinuous size threshold in the policy's coverage, I apply a difference-in-difference strategy to linked employer-employee payroll data. I find that the introduction of reporting requirements led to a 1.6 percentage-point narrowing of the gender pay gap at affected employers. This large-magnitude effect is primarily due to a decline in male wages within affected employers and is not caused by a change in the composition of the workforce. To explain this effect, I propose that a worker preference against high pay gap employers induces the closing of pay gaps upon information revelation. Newly-gathered survey evidence shows that female workers in particular exhibit a significant preference for low pay gap employers. In a hypothetical choice experiment, over half of women accept a 2.5\% lower salary to avoid a high pay gap employer. I also demonstrate substantial heterogeneity in the interpretation of pay gap statistics across workers and show that this affects their valuation of jobs at employers with different pay gaps. Does the importance of your family background on how far you get in adulthood also depend on where you grow up? For England and Wales, a paucity of data has made this a difficult question to reliably answer. My second chapter, co-authored with Brian Bell and Stephen Machin, presents a new analysis of intergenerational mobility across three cohorts in England and Wales using linked decennial census microdata. These data permit the study of different mobility outcomes in occupation, home ownership and education, at the spatial level through time. As well as showing national results consistent with previous studies, we find strong sub-regional patterns in mobility, with four main results emerging. First, area-level differences in upward occupational mobility are highly persistent over time. Second, consistent with evidence from other countries, absolute and relative mobility are positively correlated for all measures and particularly strongly for home ownership. Third, there is a robust relationship between upward educational and upward occupational mobility. Last, there is a small negative relationship between upward home ownership mobility and upward occupational mobility, revealing that social mobility comparisons based on different outcomes can have different trends. Social scientists have long been interested in the relationship between parental factors and later child income. Finding the best characterization of this relationship for the question at hand is however fraught with choices. In my third chapter, co-authored with Erling Risa, we use machine learning methods to assess the `completeness' of one popular modelling approach. Here, completeness refers to how well the model summarizes the total predictive relationship between multiple parental factors and a single child outcome. Machine learning methods enable us to depart from functional form assumptions, allowing flexible interactions between a large set of possible parental factors. Using our most flexible complete model as a benchmark, we assess the popular `rank-rank' model relating parent and child incomes. Applying our approach to high-quality Norwegian administrative data, we demonstrate that the rank-rank model explains 68\% of the total explainable variation in child income rank, based on a broad set of potential parental factors entering a neural network. Parental wealth and parental education explain the majority of the remaining explainable variation. At the regional level, we estimate homogeneous completeness across areas. Rankings of areas based on rank-rank slope estimates align with those based on the predictive fit of the broader flexible model.
All The Women In My Family Sing
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Author : Deborah Santana
language : en
Publisher: Nothing But the Truth So Help
Release Date : 2018
All The Women In My Family Sing written by Deborah Santana and has been published by Nothing But the Truth So Help this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2018 with Literary Collections categories.
"An anthology [of prose and poetry] documenting the experiences of women of color at the dawn of the twenty-first century ... whose topics range from the pressures of being the vice-president of a Fortune 500 Company, to escaping the killing fields of Cambodia, to the struggles inside immigration, identity, romance, and self-worth"--Amazon.com.
Gender Inequality
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Author : David E. Newton
language : en
Publisher: Bloomsbury Publishing USA
Release Date : 2019-10-25
Gender Inequality written by David E. Newton and has been published by Bloomsbury Publishing USA this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2019-10-25 with Social Science categories.
Gender Inequality: A Reference Handbook discusses the role women have played throughout human history and play in the modern day, including both advances that have been made in the fight for equality and problems remaining to be solved. Gender Inequality: A Reference Handbook is divided into two parts. Chapters One and Two provide a historical background to the topic and a review of current issues and problems. The remaining chapters aid readers in continuing their own research on the topic, through an extended annotated bibliography, chronology, glossary, noteworthy individuals and organizations in the field, and important data and documents. This book covers the topic of gender inequality from the earliest pages of human history to the present day. It differs from other works in the field primarily because of the variety of resources provided, such as further reading, perspective essays on the topic, a historical timeline, and useful terms in the field. It is intended for readers of high school through the community college level, along with adult readers who may be interested in the topic.
Essays On Gender And Governance
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Author : Martha Craven Nussbaum
language : en
Publisher: MacMillan India
Release Date : 2005
Essays On Gender And Governance written by Martha Craven Nussbaum and has been published by MacMillan India this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2005 with Political Science categories.
The relationship between gender and governance has too often been neglected in both theoretical and empirical work. Until very recently, most influential political thought has been built around a conceptual distinction between the public realm of politics, military affairs, and administration, and the private realm of family and domestic life. Women s role, in a wide range of traditions and in theoretical work influenced by them, has typically been associated with the private realm, and men s role with the public realm. The public/private distinction has been thoroughly criticized as being in many ways misleading and untenable. Nonetheless, it continues to influence both theoretical and empirical work, with the result that women s efforts to gain a voice in governance have often been ignored. The papers in this volume aim to set the record straight. They advance a theoretical structure, both positive and normative, within which the question of gendered governance may usefully be pursued. They also analyze some current developments that indicate many ways in which women are actively participating in governance, in both government and the institutions of civil society, and the obstacles that remain. The essays in this volume are the outcome of a year long collaborative exploration of the multiple factors that influence the process of engendering governance in complex societies, in particular the changing roles of various actors including women s movements, the state and civil society.
How Class Shapes Gender Inequality At Home
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Author : Daria Ukhova
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2021
How Class Shapes Gender Inequality At Home written by Daria Ukhova and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2021 with categories.
Recent growth in economic inequality and class divides across Western countries has been shown to significantly impact intra-family gender relations and inequalities. Although Eastern European countries have faced a comparable growth of economic inequalities and a complete re-drawing of class relations following the collapse of state socialism, the category of class has been conspicuously absent from the analysis of changing family and gender relations in that region. In this thesis, I address this gap by investigating whether and how class -- in both a structural/material and a cultural sense -- has shaped gender inequalities in the division of unpaid work in the context of post-socialist transformations. I conduct three studies using the 1994, 2002, and 2012 waves of the International Social Survey Programme (ISSP) from Bulgaria, Czechia, Hungary, Poland, Russia, and Slovenia, as well as primary interview data I collected in Russia in 2017. In Study 1, I analyse how the gender division of domestic labour changed across different classes in 1994-2002 vs. 2002-2012 periods. In Study 2, I theorise and empirically demonstrate how an interactional- level mechanism of double accountability to sex and class categories -- undergirded by the perception of gender contracts evolved in the post-socialist period as profoundly classed -- shapes negotiations about, and performance of, domestic labour and childcare among Russian middle-class dual earner heterosexual couples. In Study 3, I explore changes in the Russian population's views on the gender division of labour between 1994 and 2012, moving beyond the unidimensional traditional vs. egalitarian conceptualization of gender ideology. As the findings of these three studies demonstrate, the analytical category of class, while still not widely used, is essential for making sense of changes in the practices and ideologies of the gendered division of unpaid work in post-socialist contexts. This thesis is a call to bring class squarely into post-socialist family and gender sociology.
Industrialization And Gender Inequality
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Author : Louise Tilly
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 1993
Industrialization And Gender Inequality written by Louise Tilly and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 1993 with Business & Economics categories.
The New Role Of Women
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Author : Hans-peter Blossfeld
language : en
Publisher: Westview Press
Release Date : 1995-05-28
The New Role Of Women written by Hans-peter Blossfeld and has been published by Westview Press this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 1995-05-28 with Business & Economics categories.
In this original collection of essays, sociologists and demographers from eight Western European countries and the United States use longitudinal data to compare national variations and explain the connection between the new role of women and family formation in postwar society.