Essays On Technology Trade And Labour Markets
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Essays On Technology Trade And Labour Markets
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Author : Katherine Stapleton
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2020
Essays On Technology Trade And Labour Markets written by Katherine Stapleton and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2020 with categories.
Three Essays On Trade Tasks And Technology
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Author : Eric C. Carlson
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2022
Three Essays On Trade Tasks And Technology written by Eric C. Carlson and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2022 with Automation categories.
In recent years, economists have become increasingly concerned with the economic effects of automation. Robots and artificial intelligence have become fixtures of modern production, transforming the landscape of labor markets and reshaping patterns of international trade. This dissertation explores the economic changes brought about by these new technologies.The first essay provides a theoretical framework for understanding how automation in industrialized countries in the global North affects trade with developing countries in the global South. I show that automation can lead trading partners to change the mix of products they export and import. For example, as the stock of automatable capital increases in the global North, rich countries reshore production of traditionally labor-intensive goods. I also show that, in the context of automation, trade restrictions aimed at protecting labor-intensive industries can backfire. This is because trade restrictions protect domestic industries from foreign competition but do not protect domestic workers from competition with machines. Reducing the scale of production through a reduction in the size of the market exacerbates worker-machine competition which reduces the economic welfare of low-skilled workers.The second essay offers empirical support for the reshoring hypothesis. Using an exposure model, I partition the US into disjoint local labor markets which each differ in terms of exposure to automation. Using demographic data from the Census and American Community Survey, data on occupation characteristics from O*NET, and export data from the Census, I find that local labor markets that were historically more exposed to automation experienced larger increases in export growth relative to their otherwise comparable counterparts with lower levels of automation exposure. While this relationship is economically and statistically significant for horizontal trade movements between the US and other rich countries, the effect is largest for vertical trade between the US and lower-middle income countries like China. This suggests that automation has changed traditional patterns of comparative advantage between economies in the global North and those in the global South.The last essay looks at the effect of automation on the gender wage gap. As in the second essay, the unit of analysis is the local labor market. Using labor market data from the Census and automation data from O*NET, I find suggestive evidence that automation has reduced the wage gap between men and women. However, this effect is primarily relegated to the market for skilled labor. I find that the reduction in the pay differentials by gender is concentrated among workers with college degrees and find little change in the gender wage gap among workers without college degrees.
Essays In International Trade And Labor Markets
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Author : Rodrigo Rodrigues Adão
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2016
Essays In International Trade And Labor Markets written by Rodrigo Rodrigues Adão and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2016 with categories.
This thesis develops empirical methodologies to investigate the effect of globalization on welfare and inequality both between- and within-countries. The first essay proposes a Roy-like model where workers are heterogeneous ill terms of their comparative and absolute advantage. We show that the schedules of comparative and absolute advantage (i) determine changes in the average and the variance of the log-wage distribution, and (ii) are nonparamnetrically identified from the cross-regional variation in the sectoral responses of employment and wages to observable sector-level demand shifters. Applying these results, we find that the rise in world commodity prices accounts for 5-10% of the fall in Brazilian wage inequality between 1991 and 2010. The second essay develops a methodology to construct nonparametric counterfactual predictions, free of functional-form restrictions on preferences and technology, in neoclassical models of international trade. First, we establish the equivalence between such models and reduced exchange models in which countries directly exchange factor services. This equivalence implies that, for an arbitrary change in trade costs, counterfactual changes in factor prices, and welfare only depend on the shape of a reduced factor demand system. Second, we provide sufficient conditions for the nionparainetric identification of this system. Together, these results offer a strict generalization of the parametric approach used in so-called gravity models. Finally, we use China's recent integration into the world economy to illustrate tile feasibility of our approach. The third essay investigates the connection between the recent rise in services trade and changes in labor market outcomes in different countries. We develop a theoretical framework where trade in services arises from the spatial unbundling of workers' task output. Transmission costs endogenously determine the magnitude of between-sector task trade both within a country ("outsourcing") and between countries ("offshoring"). We show that, while differentials in sectoral task prices decrease in response to outsourcing, they increase in response to offshoring. The heterogeneity in the composition of workers' task endowments controls responses in between- and within-sector wage inequality across countries.
Essays In International Trade And Labor Markets
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Author : Gueyon Kim
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2019
Essays In International Trade And Labor Markets written by Gueyon Kim and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2019 with categories.
The first two chapters examine the labor market consequences of offshoring. I use the Danish employer-employee matched data together with the newly constructed skill measures to evaluate the effect of offshoring on wages and reallocation of workers within offshorable occupations. Offshoring reduces domestic worker wages; and increases the probability of reallocation away from the high-productivity firms to the low-productivity ones. The least skilled workers further face a greater risk of switching out to a less competitive sector. On the firm-side, offshoring improves the average skill of in-house workers at a lower cost. By estimating a worker-firm matching model, I examine the mechanisms of how offshoring affects labor market inequality and further assess the quantitative importance of various competing hypotheses such as technological change and the expansion of higher education, in comparison to offshoring. I find substantially different effects: technology mainly increases the inequality between firms in terms of worker skill quality and average wages, while offshoring mitigates this rising trend. The last chapter examines the effect of Information and Communication Technology (ICT) on entrepreneurship in developing countries. I build a North-South framework with heterogeneous agents making occupation choices (entrepreneur or worker) where market entry as an entrepreneur requires collecting market information using ICT. Innovations in the technology that relies less on time and more on capital generate asymmetric effects across economies due to differences in factor prices. I show that the marginal entrepreneurs in the South become workers as the most efficient northern entrepreneurs become multinationals hiring southern workers. ICT advancements, which lower the cost of collecting market information for northern entrepreneurs, further amplify this effect while the magnitude is mitigated as wages adjust in each economy. Through efficient reallocation of agents, the quality of entrepreneurs improves in the South; however, the aggregate output produced in the economy decreases due to a lower share of entrepreneurs.
Policies For Industrial Growth In A Competitive World
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Author :
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 1984
Policies For Industrial Growth In A Competitive World written by and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 1984 with Industrial policy categories.
Essays In Environmental Economics
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Author : Jonathan Leisner
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2023
Essays In Environmental Economics written by Jonathan Leisner and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2023 with categories.
Globalization Labour Market Institutions Processes And Policies In India
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Author : K.R. Shyam Sundar
language : en
Publisher: Springer
Release Date : 2019-05-14
Globalization Labour Market Institutions Processes And Policies In India written by K.R. Shyam Sundar and has been published by Springer this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2019-05-14 with Business & Economics categories.
This book explores the effects of product market and labour market reforms on firms, labour institutions and labour rights in the economic and industrial relations system in India. India has over the years liberalized its economy through a broad range of reforms concerning the product market and complementing these it has also sought to reform the labour market and the industrial relations system. The book assesses the impact of these reforms on both the formal and informal labour markets in India, critically examines the labour processes and uncovers/describes precarious conditions of labour in various industries and occupations, and analyzes the dynamics involved in the making of industrial, employment and labour policies in contemporary India.
Essays In Labor Economics And International Trade
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Author : Moises Yi
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2016
Essays In Labor Economics And International Trade written by Moises Yi and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2016 with categories.
This dissertation employs tools from Labor Economics and International Trade to study how workers and labor markets adjust to economic shocks arising from trade liberalization and technological change. It contributes to the existing literature by studying several economic mechanisms that determine the magnitudes of these adjustments. The first chapter of this dissertation analyzes the roles that skill transferability and the local industry mix have on the adjustment costs of workers affected by negative trade shocks. Using rich administrative data from Germany, we construct novel measures of economic distance between sectors based on the notion of skill transferability. We combine these distance measures with sectoral employment shares in German regions to construct an index of labor market flexibility. This index captures the degree to which workers from a particular industry will be able to reallocate into other jobs. We then study the role of labor market flexibility on the effect of import shocks on the earnings and the employment outcomes of German manufacturing workers. Among workers living in inflexible labor markets, the difference between a worker at the 75th percentile of industry import exposure and one at the 25th percentile of exposure amounts to an earnings loss of roughly 11% of initial annual income (over a 10 year period). The earning losses of workers living in flexible regions are negligible. These findings are robust to controlling for a wide array of region level characteristics, including region size and overall employment growth. Our findings indicate that the industry composition of local labor markets plays an important role on the adjustment processes of workers. In the second chapter, we develop and apply a framework to quantify the effect of trade on aggregate welfare as well as the distribution of this aggregate effect across different groups of workers. The framework combines a multi-sector gravity model of trade with a Roy-type model of the allocation of workers across sectors. By opening to trade, a country gains in the aggregate by specializing according to its comparative advantage, but the distribution of these gains is unequal as labor demand increases (decreases) for groups of workers specialized in export-oriented (import-oriented) sectors. The model generalizes the specific-factors intuition to a setting with labor reallocation, while maintaining analytical tractability for any number of groups and countries. Our new notion of "inequality-adjusted" welfare effect of trade captures the full cross-group distribution of welfare changes in one measure, as the counterfactual scenario is evaluated by a risk-averse agent behind the veil of ignorance regarding the group to which she belongs. The quantitative application uses trade and labor allocation data across regions in Germany to compute the aggregate and distributional effects of a shock to trade costs or foreign technology levels. For the extreme case in which the country moves back to autarky we find that inequality-adjusted gains from trade are larger than the aggregate gains for both countries, as between-group inequality falls with trade relative to autarky, but the opposite happens for the shock in which China expands in the world economy. In the third chapter, we use detailed production data from a large Latin American garment manufacturer to study the process of technology adoption and resulting productivity changes within a firm. We find that the adoption of modern manufacturing techniques increases productivity through two channels, a direct effect and a spillover effect across adjacent production units. By exploiting the gradual introduction of new manufacturing techniques across independent production units, we estimate a direct effect on productivity of roughly 30%. We also estimate large spillovers to neighboring untreated units which amount to a 25% increase in productivity. Both of these effects accumulate slowly over time. The timing and the magnitudes of the estimated spillover effects corroborate qualitative evidence consistent with knowledge diffusion, learning and imitation.
Technology Globalisation And The Future Of Work In Europe
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Author : Tony Dolphin
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2015
Technology Globalisation And The Future Of Work In Europe written by Tony Dolphin and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2015 with Electronic commerce categories.
Globalisation And The Labour Market
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Author : Robert Anderton
language : en
Publisher: Routledge
Release Date : 2004-03-01
Globalisation And The Labour Market written by Robert Anderton and has been published by Routledge this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2004-03-01 with Business & Economics categories.
Incorporating new empirical data and using a wide variety of methods such as econometrics, general equilibrium and case studies, this detailed volume provides a thorough investigation into the causes of the deterioration in the relative economic fortunes of less-skilled workers across various countries, with a focus on the role of globalization. It reveals how in the past thirty years, the decline in the wages and employment of less-skilled workers relative to skilled workers in Europe and North America has coincided with an acceleration in 'globalization'. The latter's rapid pace is indicated by the strong growth in both world trade and foreign direct investment which, in turn, have been stimulated by various factors such as reductions in trade barriers a drastic decline in the costs of communication and transportation and the internationalization of production. Although it is now widely held that the main cause of this rise in inequality seems to be a shift in demand towards higher skilled workers, this book aims to shed light on whether it is trade or technology that is primarily responsible for this demand shift. Importantly, the studies in this book describe how globalisation and technological change are interacting rather than separate forces. Topical and timely, this significant book will be a valuable read for academic researchers, analysts and professional economists in the policy making community.