Essays On The Effects Of International Trade On Labor Markets And Economic Growth
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Essays On The Effects Of International Trade On Labor Markets And Economic Growth
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Author : Fabian Guenter Werner Trottner
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2020
Essays On The Effects Of International Trade On Labor Markets And Economic Growth written by Fabian Guenter Werner Trottner and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2020 with Economic development categories.
I study how international trade affects labor market outcomes and economic growth. In the first chapter, I study how international trade affects wage inequality within and between firms. Using matched employer-employee data from Germany, I document that the firm-size wage premium is higher for skilled compared to less-skilled workers and that larger firms disproportionately employ more skilled workers. I show, using a new quantitative framework, that non-homothetic production and monopsonistic competition in labor markets can rationalize these reduced-form findings. To estimate the model, I propose a new econometric method to identify non-homotheticity in the presence of upward-sloping labor supply curves separately. Counterfactual exercises quantitatively show that the mechanism implies sizeable distributional effects of trade. The second chapter, co-authored with Yann Koby, combines reduced-form evidence with a new model of a dynamic multi-country and multi-sector economy to study the link between trade and structural transformation. The model accounts for major drivers of structural change—including sector-biased technological change and income effects, as well as technological and factor-driven motives for trade. We provide a characterization of the existence and uniqueness of the equilibrium. We quantify the model to the years 1995 to 2011 and then use it to discuss the decline in U.S. manufacturing and the role of service trade in influencing employment in the manufacturing sector. The third chapter, co-authored with Bastian Krieger, studies the effect of trade in services on firms' innovation activities. We combine unique micro-data from Germany with a simple theory of international trade and innovation to provide causal evidence that trade in innovation services increases innovative activities in firms, accounting for market size and competition effects of trade integration.
Essays In Labor Economics And International Trade
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Author : Moises Yi
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2016
Essays In Labor Economics And International Trade written by Moises Yi and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2016 with categories.
This dissertation employs tools from Labor Economics and International Trade to study how workers and labor markets adjust to economic shocks arising from trade liberalization and technological change. It contributes to the existing literature by studying several economic mechanisms that determine the magnitudes of these adjustments. The first chapter of this dissertation analyzes the roles that skill transferability and the local industry mix have on the adjustment costs of workers affected by negative trade shocks. Using rich administrative data from Germany, we construct novel measures of economic distance between sectors based on the notion of skill transferability. We combine these distance measures with sectoral employment shares in German regions to construct an index of labor market flexibility. This index captures the degree to which workers from a particular industry will be able to reallocate into other jobs. We then study the role of labor market flexibility on the effect of import shocks on the earnings and the employment outcomes of German manufacturing workers. Among workers living in inflexible labor markets, the difference between a worker at the 75th percentile of industry import exposure and one at the 25th percentile of exposure amounts to an earnings loss of roughly 11% of initial annual income (over a 10 year period). The earning losses of workers living in flexible regions are negligible. These findings are robust to controlling for a wide array of region level characteristics, including region size and overall employment growth. Our findings indicate that the industry composition of local labor markets plays an important role on the adjustment processes of workers. In the second chapter, we develop and apply a framework to quantify the effect of trade on aggregate welfare as well as the distribution of this aggregate effect across different groups of workers. The framework combines a multi-sector gravity model of trade with a Roy-type model of the allocation of workers across sectors. By opening to trade, a country gains in the aggregate by specializing according to its comparative advantage, but the distribution of these gains is unequal as labor demand increases (decreases) for groups of workers specialized in export-oriented (import-oriented) sectors. The model generalizes the specific-factors intuition to a setting with labor reallocation, while maintaining analytical tractability for any number of groups and countries. Our new notion of "inequality-adjusted" welfare effect of trade captures the full cross-group distribution of welfare changes in one measure, as the counterfactual scenario is evaluated by a risk-averse agent behind the veil of ignorance regarding the group to which she belongs. The quantitative application uses trade and labor allocation data across regions in Germany to compute the aggregate and distributional effects of a shock to trade costs or foreign technology levels. For the extreme case in which the country moves back to autarky we find that inequality-adjusted gains from trade are larger than the aggregate gains for both countries, as between-group inequality falls with trade relative to autarky, but the opposite happens for the shock in which China expands in the world economy. In the third chapter, we use detailed production data from a large Latin American garment manufacturer to study the process of technology adoption and resulting productivity changes within a firm. We find that the adoption of modern manufacturing techniques increases productivity through two channels, a direct effect and a spillover effect across adjacent production units. By exploiting the gradual introduction of new manufacturing techniques across independent production units, we estimate a direct effect on productivity of roughly 30%. We also estimate large spillovers to neighboring untreated units which amount to a 25% increase in productivity. Both of these effects accumulate slowly over time. The timing and the magnitudes of the estimated spillover effects corroborate qualitative evidence consistent with knowledge diffusion, learning and imitation.
Trade Growth And Economic Policy In Open Economies
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Author : Karl-Josef Koch
language : en
Publisher: Springer Science & Business Media
Release Date : 2012-12-06
Trade Growth And Economic Policy In Open Economies written by Karl-Josef Koch and has been published by Springer Science & Business Media this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2012-12-06 with Business & Economics categories.
Part 1 of this volume focusses on globalization. Gains from trade, international competitiveness, labour market issues in open economies, customs unions, dumping and intra-firm trade are the topics of this part. Part 2 puts a stronger emphasis on dynamic economics. Social income, intergenerational transfers, public pension systems, and bequest and gift motives in overlapping generation models are main topics. Economic policies are analyzed in Part 3, including the relation between wage rigidity and migration, several aspects of German financial and monetary policy, as well as tax competition. The volume concludes with institutional issues of globalization, a western view on eastern transition, social cost of rent seeking, and the evolution of social institutions.
Economic Liberalization And Labor Markets
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Author : Parviz Dabir-Alai
language : en
Publisher: Praeger
Release Date : 1998-04-23
Economic Liberalization And Labor Markets written by Parviz Dabir-Alai and has been published by Praeger this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 1998-04-23 with Business & Economics categories.
Contains 11 essays which discuss the impact of economic liberalization on employment and unemployment.
International Trade And Labor Markets
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Author : Udo Kreickemeier
language : en
Publisher: World Scientific Publishing Company
Release Date : 2017-08-12
International Trade And Labor Markets written by Udo Kreickemeier and has been published by World Scientific Publishing Company this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2017-08-12 with Business & Economics categories.
This volume collects theoretical papers on the labor market effects of international trade that Udo Kreickemeier has published, together with different co-authors, over the past decade. Many contributions contained in this volume feature labor market imperfections that give rise to involuntary unemployment, and in those contributions, the question of how trade affects aggregate employment typically takes center stage in the analysis. Another recurring theme in many papers is the link between international trade and the income distribution within countries. The channels explored in the different papers include union wage premia, exporter wage premia due to firm-level rent sharing, and ability premia to entrepreneurs that are able to capitalize on their high productivity in global markets.
Essays In International Trade And Labor Markets
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Author : Gueyon Kim
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2019
Essays In International Trade And Labor Markets written by Gueyon Kim and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2019 with categories.
The first two chapters examine the labor market consequences of offshoring. I use the Danish employer-employee matched data together with the newly constructed skill measures to evaluate the effect of offshoring on wages and reallocation of workers within offshorable occupations. Offshoring reduces domestic worker wages; and increases the probability of reallocation away from the high-productivity firms to the low-productivity ones. The least skilled workers further face a greater risk of switching out to a less competitive sector. On the firm-side, offshoring improves the average skill of in-house workers at a lower cost. By estimating a worker-firm matching model, I examine the mechanisms of how offshoring affects labor market inequality and further assess the quantitative importance of various competing hypotheses such as technological change and the expansion of higher education, in comparison to offshoring. I find substantially different effects: technology mainly increases the inequality between firms in terms of worker skill quality and average wages, while offshoring mitigates this rising trend. The last chapter examines the effect of Information and Communication Technology (ICT) on entrepreneurship in developing countries. I build a North-South framework with heterogeneous agents making occupation choices (entrepreneur or worker) where market entry as an entrepreneur requires collecting market information using ICT. Innovations in the technology that relies less on time and more on capital generate asymmetric effects across economies due to differences in factor prices. I show that the marginal entrepreneurs in the South become workers as the most efficient northern entrepreneurs become multinationals hiring southern workers. ICT advancements, which lower the cost of collecting market information for northern entrepreneurs, further amplify this effect while the magnitude is mitigated as wages adjust in each economy. Through efficient reallocation of agents, the quality of entrepreneurs improves in the South; however, the aggregate output produced in the economy decreases due to a lower share of entrepreneurs.
International Trade With Equilibrium Unemployment
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Author : Carl Davidson
language : en
Publisher: Princeton University Press
Release Date : 2010
International Trade With Equilibrium Unemployment written by Carl Davidson and has been published by Princeton University Press this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2010 with Business & Economics categories.
While most standard economic models of international trade assume full employment, Carl Davidson and Steven Matusz have argued over the past two decades that this reliance on full-employment modeling is misleading and ill-equipped to tackle many important trade-related questions. This book brings together the authors' pioneering work in creating models that more accurately reflect the real-world connections between international trade and labor markets. The material collected here presents the theoretical and empirical foundations of equilibrium unemployment modeling, which the authors and their collaborators developed to give researchers and policymakers a more realistic picture of how international trade affects labor markets, and of how transnational differences in labor markets affect international trade. They address the shortcomings of standard models, describe the empirics that underlie equilibrium unemployment models, and illustrate how these new models can yield vital insights into the relationship between international trade and employment. This volume also includes an indispensable general introduction as well as concise section introductions that put the authors' work in context and reveal the thinking behind their ideas. Economists are only now realizing just how important these ideas are, making this book essential reading for researchers and students.
Business Government And Labor
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Author : Linda Y C Lim
language : en
Publisher: World Scientific
Release Date : 2017-12-07
Business Government And Labor written by Linda Y C Lim and has been published by World Scientific this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2017-12-07 with Business & Economics categories.
Business, Government and Labor in the Economic Development of Singapore and Southeast Asia analyzes the inter-linked and evolving roles of private sector business, government public policy, and labor markets in the economic development of Singapore and its Southeast Asian neighborhood. It does this through 16 essays written by Prof. Linda Y C Lim, an early and long-established scholar of these subjects, and published over a 35-year period. For Singapore, often considered the world's most successful economy, the essays highlight the determining role of government's industrial and social policy through to the present day, when the growth model of the past faces many external market and domestic resource constraints. In the rest of Southeast Asia, in contrast, the essays explore how private sector business, dominated by the locally-domiciled ethnic Chinese minority, thrived and drove economic growth in underdeveloped markets with imperfect institutions, and consider if and how this might change with China's increasing presence in the regional economy. A final set of essays analyzes the forces underlying women's employment, from labor-intensive Southeast Asian export factories in the 1980s to Singapore's foreign-labor-dependent economy and its current productivity challenges. Taken together, the essays show how government, business and labor interact in the process of economic development.
International Trade Growth And Development
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Author : Pranab Bardhan
language : en
Publisher: John Wiley & Sons
Release Date : 2008-04-15
International Trade Growth And Development written by Pranab Bardhan and has been published by John Wiley & Sons this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2008-04-15 with Business & Economics categories.
This collection of essays draws from over thirty years of work by noted economist Pranab Bardhan to address the inter-related themes of international trade, growth, and rural development. Covering a wide range of important issues within the field, these essays describe theoretical and empirical perspectives on economic agents both at the micro and macro levels of the economy in development. Introductions to each of the book's three sections place the articles in perspective and relate them to current research.
International Trade Economic Development And The Vietnamese Economy
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Author : Cuong Le Van
language : en
Publisher: Springer Nature
Release Date : 2022-05-03
International Trade Economic Development And The Vietnamese Economy written by Cuong Le Van and has been published by Springer Nature this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2022-05-03 with Business & Economics categories.
This volume spotlights some of the most important economic issues confronting today's emerging developing countries. The topics studied in the book include the importance of productivity to economic growth, international trade and its relationship to productivity; immigration and brain drain; pollution havens, climate change, and the carbon tax; the effectiveness of foreign aid, the efficiency of education, and governance. Written by some of the most respected scholars in their respective fields, the individual chapters apply both economic theory and the most current empirical tools in rigorous but accessible exposition. Researchers can find value in the modeling and empirical techniques that can be applied to other countries and datasets. Policy makers can benefit from the intellectual foundation on which decisions on important issues can be based; and students of international trade, economic development, and environmental economics can gain knowledge of different country settings that give context to their fields of study.