Estimating Global Black Carbon Emissions Using A Top Down Kalman Filter Approach
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Estimating Global Black Carbon Emissions Using A Top Down Kalman Filter Approach
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Author : Jason Blake Cohen
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2014
Estimating Global Black Carbon Emissions Using A Top Down Kalman Filter Approach written by Jason Blake Cohen and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2014 with categories.
Black carbon (BC) is an important aerosol constituent in the atmosphere and climate forcer. A good understanding of the radiative forcing of BC and associated climate feedback and response is critical to minimize the uncertainty in predicting current and future climate influenced by anthropogenic aerosols. One reason for this uncertainty is that current emission inventories of BC are mostly obtained from the so-called bottom-up approach, an approach that derives emissions based on categorized emitting sources and emission factors used to convert burning mass to emissions. In this work, we provide a first global-scale top-down estimation of global BC emissions, as well as an estimated error range, by using a Kalman Filter. This method uses data of both column aerosol absorption optical depth and surface concentrations from global and regional networks to constrain our fully coupled climate-aerosol-urban model and thus to derive an optimized estimate of BC emissions as 17.8±5.6 Tg/yr, a factor of more than 2 higher than commonly used global BC emissions data sets. We further perform 22 additional optimization simulations that incorporate the known uncertain ranges of various important physical, model, and measurement parameters and still yield an optimized value within the above given range, from a low of 14.6 Tg/yr to a high of 22.2 Tg/yr. Furthermore, we show that the emissions difference between our optimized and a priori estimation is not uniform, with East Asia, Southeast Asia, and Eastern Europe underestimated, while North America is overestimated in the a priori inventory.
Biomass Burning In South And Southeast Asia
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Author : Krishna Prasad Vadrevu
language : en
Publisher: CRC Press
Release Date : 2021-06-23
Biomass Burning In South And Southeast Asia written by Krishna Prasad Vadrevu and has been published by CRC Press this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2021-06-23 with Nature categories.
Unique in its discussion of the sources and the causes of biomass burning and atmospheric research in South and Southeast Asia. Explains the latest tools and techniques, in particular, the use of Satellite Remote Sensing and Geospatial technologies for fire mapping, monitoring, and Land Cover/Land Use. Focuses on large spatial scales integrating top-down and bottom-up methodologies. Addresses the pressing issues of environmental pollution that are rampant in South and Southeast Asia. Includes contributions from global experts actually working on biomass burning projects in the US, Japan, South/Southeast Asia, and Europe.
Fire And Ice Soot Solidarity And Survival On The Roof Of The World
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Author : Jonathan Mingle
language : en
Publisher: St. Martin's Press
Release Date : 2015-03-24
Fire And Ice Soot Solidarity And Survival On The Roof Of The World written by Jonathan Mingle and has been published by St. Martin's Press this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2015-03-24 with Science categories.
High in the Himalayan valley of Zanskar in northwest India sits a village as isolated as the legendary Shangri-La. Long fed by runoff from glaciers and lofty snowfields, Kumik—a settlement of thirty nine mud brick homes—has survived and thrived in one of the world's most challenging settings for a thousand years. But now its people confront an existential threat: chronic, crippling drought, which leaves the village canal dry and threatens to end their ancient culture of farming and animal husbandry. Fire and Ice weaves together the story of Kumik's inspiring response to this calamity with the story of black carbon. Black carbon from inefficient fires - the particulate residue that makes soot dark - is the second largest contributor to global warming after carbon dioxide. It's also a key ingredient of the air pollution that public health experts regard as humanity's greatest environmental health risk worldwide: soot-laden smoke from household hearth fires and outdoor sources combine to kill over seven million people around the world every year. Jonathan Mingle describes the joys and struggles of daily life in the Zanskar Valley, where villagers are buffeted by powerful environmental and economic forces, while also tracing black carbon's dark fingerprints outward from Kumik and around the world. Mingle investigates its impacts on snow, ice, and water from Mt. Everest to California, and the silent health epidemic it fuels from New York to New Delhi. Combining cultural history, detailed reportage, climate and energy science and dramatic storytelling, Fire and Ice is a profound examination of the global challenges of averting climate chaos and lifting billions out of energy poverty and water scarcity. Can Kumik's people come together to reinvent fire, harness what remains of their life-sustaining ice, and reinvigorate their traditions of solidarity, in time to save themselves? Can the rest of us rise to the same challenge? Fire and Ice connects these questions with the work of enterprising scientists, engineers, entrepreneurs and activists around the world, in a narrative that combines mythology, reason, humor, persistence, and hope in a race against a global clock.
Aerosols And Climate
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Author : Ken S. Carslaw
language : en
Publisher: Elsevier
Release Date : 2022-08-19
Aerosols And Climate written by Ken S. Carslaw and has been published by Elsevier this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2022-08-19 with Science categories.
The ever-diversifying field of aerosol effects on climate is comprehensively presented here, describing the strong connection between fundamental research and model applications in a way that will allow both experienced researchers and those new to the field to gain an understanding of a wide range of topics. The material is consistently presented at three levels for each topic: (i) an accessible "quick read" of the essentials, (ii) a more detailed description, and (iii) a section dedicated to how the processes are handled in models. The modelling section in each chapter summarizes the current level of knowledge and what the gaps in this understanding mean for the effects of aerosols on climate, enabling readers to quickly understand how new research fits into established knowledge. Definitions, case studies, reference data, and examples are included throughout. Aerosols and Climate is a vital resource for graduate students, postdoctoral researchers, senior researchers, and lecturers in departments of atmospheric science, meteorology, engineering, and environment. It will also be of interest to those working in operational centers and policy-facing organizations, providing strong reference material on the current state of knowledge. Includes a section in each chapter that focuses on the treatment of relevant aerosol processes in climate models Provides clear exposition of the challenges in understanding and reducing persistent gaps in knowledge and uncertainties in the field of aerosol-climate interaction, going beyond the fundamentals and existing knowledge Authored by experts in modeling and aerosol processes, analysis or observations to ensure accessibility and balance
Climate Change And Land
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Author : Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
language : en
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Release Date : 2022-12-08
Climate Change And Land written by Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change and has been published by Cambridge University Press this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2022-12-08 with Science categories.
The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) is the leading international body for assessing the science related to climate change. It provides policymakers with regular assessments of the scientific basis of human-induced climate change, its impacts and future risks, and options for adaptation and mitigation. This IPCC Special Report on Climate Change and Land (SRCCL) is the most comprehensive and up-to-date scientific assessment of the multiple interactions between climate change and land, assessing climate change, desertification, land degradation, sustainable land management, food security, and greenhouse gas fluxes in terrestrial ecosystems. It assesses the options for governance and decision-making across multiple scales. It serves policymakers, decision makers, stakeholders, and all interested parties with unbiased, up-to-date, policy-relevant information. This title is also available as Open Access on Cambridge Core.
Quantifying Black Carbon Emissions From Residential Wood Burning By A Combination Of Bottom Up And Top Down Approaches
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Author : Paul Crimmins
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2017
Quantifying Black Carbon Emissions From Residential Wood Burning By A Combination Of Bottom Up And Top Down Approaches written by Paul Crimmins and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2017 with Air categories.
Black carbon (BC) is an air pollutant of emerging concern as more is understood regarding its multiple adverse impacts onto human health, global climate change and local visibility. While residential wood burning (RWB) for home heating is a significant contributor to global BC emissions, research into its impacts is limited by a lack of accurate emissions data. Typically, the estimation of regional emissions of air pollutants is carried out by measuring emissions from individual pollution sources. However, because of the highly-variable nature of BC emissions from RWB, this traditional ‘bottom-up’ methodology results in poor emission estimates on a regional scale. An alternative quantification method is the ‘top-down’ estimation of source contributions to measured ambient pollutant concentrations by source apportionment modelling. This study combines the results of a bottom-up emission inventory with top-down source apportionment data compiled by Davy et al. (2016) to better quantify BC emissions from RWB. The study focusses on BC emissions and the resulting concentrations observed within Auckland, and includes the first emission inventory constructed for BC within a New Zealand setting. Results of this study suggest that RWB is a significant source of BC emissions in Auckland, the second highest next to on-road diesel vehicles. From a combination of bottom-up and top-down BC quantification methodologies, it is determined that 145 tonnes of BC were emitted into the air within the Auckland Region in 2013 from approximately 100,000 residential wood burners, 30% of the region’s total estimated BC emissions. This equates to a weighted-average emission factor of 0.97 g of BC emitted per kg of wood burnt for residential wood burners in use across Auckland. Concentrations of BC vary widely across Auckland and are generally found to be decreasing as diesel vehicle emissions controls improve. However, BC concentrations associated with RWB remained static between 2006 and 2013, despite decreased RWB activity. This lack of improvement, coupled with increased concentrations of BC from RWB in early winter, suggests that the inefficient operation of wood burners may be a key driver of BC concentrations. Given the significant effects on both human health and climate, it is vital to advance programmes to help to reduce BC emissions from RWB.
An Approach To Estimate Global Biomass Burning Emissions Of Organic And Black Carbon From Modis Fire Radiative Power
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Author : Evan Ellicott
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2009
An Approach To Estimate Global Biomass Burning Emissions Of Organic And Black Carbon From Modis Fire Radiative Power written by Evan Ellicott and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2009 with categories.
North American Black Carbon Emissions Estimation Guidelines
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Author : Eastern Research Group, Inc
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2015
North American Black Carbon Emissions Estimation Guidelines written by Eastern Research Group, Inc and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2015 with Electronic books categories.
Atmospheric Aerosols
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Author : Olivier Boucher
language : en
Publisher: Springer
Release Date : 2015-05-18
Atmospheric Aerosols written by Olivier Boucher and has been published by Springer this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2015-05-18 with Science categories.
This textbook aims to be a one stop shop for those interested in aerosols and their impact on the climate system. It starts with some fundamentals on atmospheric aerosols, atmospheric radiation and cloud physics, then goes into techniques used for in-situ and remote sensing measurements of aerosols, data assimilation, and discusses aerosol-radiation interactions, aerosol-cloud interactions and the multiple impacts of aerosols on the climate system. The book aims to engage those interested in aerosols and their impacts on the climate system: graduate and PhD students, but also post-doctorate fellows who are new to the field or would like to broaden their knowledge. The book includes exercises at the end of most chapters. Atmospheric aerosols are small (microscopic) particles in suspension in the atmosphere, which play multiple roles in the climate system. They interact with the energy budget through scattering and absorption of solar and terrestrial radiation. They also serve as cloud condensation and ice nuclei with impacts on the formation, evolution and properties of clouds. Finally aerosols also interact with some biogeochemical cycles. Anthropogenic emissions of aerosols are responsible for a cooling effect that has masked part of the warming due to the increased greenhouse effect since pre-industrial time. Natural aerosols also respond to climate changes as shown by observations of past climates and modelling of the future climate.
Final Report On Carbon Data Assimilation With A Coupled Ensemble Kalman Filter
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Author :
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2014
Final Report On Carbon Data Assimilation With A Coupled Ensemble Kalman Filter written by and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2014 with categories.
We proposed (and accomplished) the development of an Ensemble Kalman Filter (EnKF) approach for the estimation of surface carbon fluxes as if they were parameters, augmenting the model with them. Our system is quite different from previous approaches, such as carbon flux inversions, 4D-Var, and EnKF with approximate background error covariance (Peters et al., 2008). We showed (using observing system simulation experiments, OSSEs) that these differences lead to a more accurate estimation of the evolving surface carbon fluxes at model grid-scale resolution. The main properties of the LETKF-C are: a) The carbon cycle LETKF is coupled with the simultaneous assimilation of the standard atmospheric variables, so that the ensemble wind transport of the CO2 provides an estimation of the carbon transport uncertainty. b) The use of an assimilation window (6hr) much shorter than the months-long windows used in other methods. This avoids the inevitable "blurring" of the signal that takes place in long windows due to turbulent mixing since the CO2 does not have time to mix before the next window. In this development we introduced new, advanced techniques that have since been adopted by the EnKF community (Kang, 2009, Kang et al., 2011, Kang et al. 2012). These advances include "variable localization" that reduces sampling errors in the estimation of the forecast error covariance, more advanced adaptive multiplicative and additive inflations, and vertical localization based on the time scale of the processes. The main result has been obtained using the LETKF-C with all these advances, and assimilating simulated atmospheric CO2 observations from different observing systems (surface flask observations of CO2 but no surface carbon fluxes observations, total column CO2 from GoSAT/OCO-2, and upper troposphere AIRS retrievals). After a spin-up of about one month, the LETKF-C succeeded in reconstructing the true evolving surface fluxes of carbon at a model grid resolution. When applied to the CAM3.5 model, the LETKF gave very promising results as well, although only one month is available.