Evaluating Evidence Of Mechanisms In Medicine
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Evaluating Evidence Of Mechanisms In Medicine
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Author : Veli-Pekka Parkkinen
language : en
Publisher: Springer
Release Date : 2018-07-13
Evaluating Evidence Of Mechanisms In Medicine written by Veli-Pekka Parkkinen and has been published by Springer this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2018-07-13 with Medical categories.
This book is open access under a CC BY license. This book is the first to develop explicit methods for evaluating evidence of mechanisms in the field of medicine. It explains why it can be important to make this evidence explicit, and describes how to take such evidence into account in the evidence appraisal process. In addition, it develops procedures for seeking evidence of mechanisms, for evaluating evidence of mechanisms, and for combining this evaluation with evidence of association in order to yield an overall assessment of effectiveness. Evidence-based medicine seeks to achieve improved health outcomes by making evidence explicit and by developing explicit methods for evaluating it. To date, evidence-based medicine has largely focused on evidence of association produced by clinical studies. As such, it has tended to overlook evidence of pathophysiological mechanisms and evidence of the mechanisms of action of interventions. The book offers a useful guide for all those whose work involves evaluating evidence in the health sciences, including those who need to determine the effectiveness of health interventions and those who need to ascertain the effects of environmental exposures.
Evidence Contestation
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Author : Karin Zachmann
language : en
Publisher: Taylor & Francis
Release Date : 2023-02-21
Evidence Contestation written by Karin Zachmann and has been published by Taylor & Francis this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2023-02-21 with Science categories.
This book examines the practices of contesting evidence in democratically constituted knowledge societies. It provides a multifaceted view of the processes and conditions of evidence criticism and how they determine the dynamics of de- and re-stabilization of evidence. Evidence is an essential resource for establishing claims of validity, resolving conflicts, and legitimizing decisions. In recent times, however, evidence is being contested with increasing frequency. Such contestations vary in form and severity – from questioning the interpretation of data or the methodological soundness of studies to accusations of evidence fabrication. The contributors to this volume explore which actors, for what reasons and to what effect, question evidence in fields such as the biological, environmental and health sciences. In addition to actors inside academia, they examine the roles of various other players, including citizen scientists, counter-experts, journalists, patients, consumers and activists. The contributors tackle questions of how disagreements are framed and how they are used to promote vested interests. By drawing on methodological and theoretical approaches from a wide range of fields, this book provides a much-needed perspective on how evidence criticism influences the development and state of knowledge societies and their political condition. Evidence Contestation will appeal to scholars and advanced students working in philosophy of science, epistemology, bioethics, science and technology studies, the history of science and technology and science communication.
Explaining Disease Philosophical Reflections On Medical Research And Clinical Practice
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Author : Raffaella Campaner
language : en
Publisher: Springer Nature
Release Date : 2022-08-09
Explaining Disease Philosophical Reflections On Medical Research And Clinical Practice written by Raffaella Campaner and has been published by Springer Nature this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2022-08-09 with Medical categories.
This interdisciplinary monograph in philosophy of medicine examines models of explanation in health science and their relation with current medical trends, such as personalized and person-centered medicine. Medicine has provided challenging case studies for the general philosophy of science that have prompted rethinking of a wide range of philosophical notions – such as scientific law, theory and evidence – and contributed to the elaboration of pluralistic approaches to modeling, causality and explanation. The health sciences have increasingly recognized the role of philosophy of medicine as both a field of conceptual and methodological reflection, capable of addressing practical issues, and hence relevant for a proper understanding of the construction of medical knowledge, modeling practices, therapeutic strategies and preventive decisions. 'Explaining Disease' contains various case studies in medicine to describe the assumptions underpinning the construction of explanatory models of diseases. It shows the impact different explanatory strategies can have on practical matters, which in turn affect clinical evaluation and therapy and public health decisions. The book concludes with a few open-ended reflections to foster more thorough consideration of the role of philosophy of medicine can play its dialogue with the health sciences.
Evidential Pluralism In The Social Sciences
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Author : Yafeng Shan
language : en
Publisher: Taylor & Francis
Release Date : 2023-04-24
Evidential Pluralism In The Social Sciences written by Yafeng Shan and has been published by Taylor & Francis this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2023-04-24 with Social Science categories.
This volume contends that Evidential Pluralism—an account of the epistemology of causation, which maintains that in order to establish a causal claim one needs to establish the existence of a correlation and the existence of a mechanism—can be fruitfully applied to the social sciences. Through case studies in sociology, economics, political science and law, it advances new philosophical foundations for causal enquiry in the social sciences. The book provides an account of how to establish and evaluate causal claims and it offers a new way of thinking about evidence-based policy, basic social science research and mixed methods research. As such, it will appeal to scholars with interests in social science research and methodology, the philosophy of science and evidence-based policy. The Open Access version of this book, available at http://www.taylorfrancis.com, has been made available under a Creative Commons [Attribution-Non Commercial-No Derivatives (CC-BY-NC-ND)] 4.0 license.
Uncertainty In Pharmacology
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Author : Adam LaCaze
language : en
Publisher: Springer Nature
Release Date : 2020-02-20
Uncertainty In Pharmacology written by Adam LaCaze and has been published by Springer Nature this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2020-02-20 with Medical categories.
This volume covers a wide range of topics concerning methodological, epistemological, and regulatory-ethical issues around pharmacology. The book focuses in particular on the diverse sources of uncertainty, the different kinds of uncertainty that there are, and the diverse ways in which these uncertainties are (or could be) addressed. Compared with the more basic sciences, such as chemistry or biology, pharmacology works across diverse observable levels of reality: although the first step in the causal chain leading to the therapeutic outcome takes place at the biochemical level, the end-effect is a clinically observable result—which is influenced not only by biological actions, but also psychological and social phenomena. Issues of causality and evidence must be treated with these specific aspects in mind. In covering these issues, the book opens up a common domain of investigation which intersects the deeply intertwined dimensions of pharmacological research, pharmaceutical regulation and the related economic environment. The book is a collective endeavour with in-depth contributions from experts in pharmacology, philosophy of medicine, statistics, scientific methodology, formal and social epistemology, working in constant dialogue across disciplinary boundaries.
How To Read A Paper
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Author : Trisha M. Greenhalgh
language : en
Publisher: John Wiley & Sons
Release Date : 2024-11-21
How To Read A Paper written by Trisha M. Greenhalgh and has been published by John Wiley & Sons this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2024-11-21 with Medical categories.
Learn to assess published research in this best-selling introduction to evidence-based healthcare Evidence-based practices have revolutionized medical care. Clinical and scientific papers have something to offer practitioners at every level of the profession, from students to established clinicians in medicine, nursing and allied professions. Novices are often intimidated by the idea of reading and appraising the research literature. How to Read a Paper demystifies this process with a thorough, engaging introduction to how clinical research papers are constructed and how to evaluate them. Now fully updated to incorporate new areas of research, readers of the seventh edition of How to Read a Paper will also find: A careful balance between the principles of evidence-based healthcare and clinical practice New chapters covering consensus methods, mechanistic evidence, big data and artificial intelligence Detailed coverage of subjects like assessing methodological quality, systemic reviews and meta-analyses, qualitative research, and more. How to Read a Paper is ideal for all healthcare students and professionals seeking an accessible introduction to evidence-based healthcare – particularly those sitting undergraduate and postgraduate exams and preparing for interviews.
Critical Reflections On Evidence Based Policing
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Author : Nigel Fielding
language : en
Publisher: Routledge
Release Date : 2019-11-14
Critical Reflections On Evidence Based Policing written by Nigel Fielding and has been published by Routledge this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2019-11-14 with Social Science categories.
Evidence-Based Practice (EBP) has over the last decade made an increasing mark in several fields, notably health and medicine, education and social welfare. In recent years it has begun to make its mark in criminal justice. As engagement with EBP has spread, it has begun to evolve from what might be regarded as a somewhat narrow doctrine and orthodoxy to something more complex and various. Often criminological research has been at odds with the assumptions, conventions and methodologies associated with first generation EBP. In that context EBP poses a challenge to the research community and existing evidence base and is, accordingly, hotly controversial. This book is a welcome and timely contribution to current debates on evidence-based practice in policing. With a sharp conceptual focus, the chapters provide a critical examination of the recent history of EBP in academic, policy and practitioner communities, evaluate key dimensions of its application to policing, challenge established understandings and pave the way for a much needed change in how research ‘evidence’ is perceived, generated, transferred, implemented and evaluated.
The Routledge Handbook Of Causality And Causal Methods
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Author : Phyllis Illari
language : en
Publisher: Taylor & Francis
Release Date : 2024-12-30
The Routledge Handbook Of Causality And Causal Methods written by Phyllis Illari and has been published by Taylor & Francis this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2024-12-30 with Philosophy categories.
The Routledge Handbook of Causality and Causal Methods adopts a pluralistic, interdisciplinary approach to causality. It formulates distinct questions and problems of causality as they arise across scientific and policy fields. Exploring, in a comparative way, how these questions and problems are addressed in different areas, the Handbook fosters dialogue and exchange. It emphasizes the role of the researchers and the normative considerations that arise in the development of methodological and empirical approaches. The Handbook includes authors from all over the world and with many different disciplinary backgrounds, and its 50 chapters appear in print here for the first time. The chapters are organized into the following seven parts: Causal Pluralism from Theory to Practice Causal Theory and the Role of Researchers Features of Causal Systems Causal Methods, Experimentation and Observation Measurement and Data Causality, Knowledge, and Action Causal Theory across Disciplinary Borders Essential reading for scholars interested in an interdisciplinary approach to causality and causal methods, the volume is also a valuable resource for advanced undergraduates as well as for graduate students interested in delving into the rich field of causality. Chapters 15 and 36 of this book are freely available as downloadable Open Access PDFs at http://www.taylorfrancis.com under a Creative Commons [Attribution-Non Commercial-No Derivatives (CC-BY-NC-ND)] 4.0 license.
The Future Circle Of Healthcare
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Author : Sepehr Ehsani
language : en
Publisher: Springer Nature
Release Date : 2022-10-08
The Future Circle Of Healthcare written by Sepehr Ehsani and has been published by Springer Nature this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2022-10-08 with Medical categories.
The past decade has brought to the fore the critical need to constantly envision and consider various scenarios where ongoing trends and sudden changes could together alter the provision of healthcare and the direction of medical research. This book brings together scholars whose areas of expertise represent different themes that are essential to understanding how healthcare might change and evolve over the next decade. What lessons can one take away from current and past developments? The themes explored by the book rest on four pillars. The first is the rapid pace and ubiquity of technological advances in areas such as artificial intelligence, machine learning, additive manufacturing and wearable electronics. The second pillar concerns healthy aging, longevity and the management of chronic diseases. The third is the imperative to remain cognizant of the ethical dimensions of medical decisions, adapting bioethics to ongoing changes in healthcare provision. Finally, the fourth pillar relates to how uncertainty in different domains of medical knowledge can be mitigated and translated into clinical practice. For example, how should uncertainty with the results of clinical trials for a new treatment be dealt with? What cost-benefit analyses would be most appropriate for the situation? Chapter authors identify respective challenges and promising opportunities, discussing how these could contribute to envisioning the future scope of healthcare when it comes to providing medical, economic and ethical values to human societies. Chapters 1, 4, 12, and 20 are available open access under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License via link.springer.com.
Mechanisms In Science
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Author : Stavros Ioannidis
language : en
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Release Date : 2022-06-23
Mechanisms In Science written by Stavros Ioannidis and has been published by Cambridge University Press this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2022-06-23 with Philosophy categories.
Questions central tenets of the current philosophical consensus about mechanisms and develops the novel alternative of Methodological Mechanism.