Evaluating The Costs Of Government Credit Support Programs During Covid 19 International Evidence
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Evaluating The Costs Of Government Credit Support Programs During Covid 19 International Evidence
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Author : Mr. Gee Hee Hong
language : en
Publisher: International Monetary Fund
Release Date : 2023-01-27
Evaluating The Costs Of Government Credit Support Programs During Covid 19 International Evidence written by Mr. Gee Hee Hong and has been published by International Monetary Fund this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2023-01-27 with Business & Economics categories.
Advanced economies made available more than 5 trillion USD through government-supported credit guarantee and direct loan programs to provide lifelines to firms in the face of the COVID-19 pandemic. Notwithstanding the unprecedented scale of credit made available, an in-depth analysis of the fiscal consequences is missing, and the costs of these programs are not recognized in a transparent way. In this paper, we fill in an important aspect of the fiscal picture by estimating the subsidies that were provided by the largest credit guarantee programs introduced in 2020 in seven advanced economies. We estimate the subsidies on a fair value basis that provides a consistent and comprehensive upfront measure of cost. We explain the logic behind applying a fair value framework in a government context and compare it to alternative approaches. For the programs that we examine, total credit extended totaled 1.7 trillion USD. The subsidy element (cash-equivalent subsidy) is estimated to be 67 percent of loan principal on average (37 percent, excluding the US PPP), with a wide range across programs, from 12 to 100 percent. The variation is explained by differences across programs including eligibility criteria, loan terms, compensation to lenders, and other program design choices.
The Promise Of Fintech
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Author : Ms.Ratna Sahay
language : en
Publisher: International Monetary Fund
Release Date : 2020-07-01
The Promise Of Fintech written by Ms.Ratna Sahay and has been published by International Monetary Fund this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2020-07-01 with Business & Economics categories.
Technology is changing the landscape of the financial sector, increasing access to financial services in profound ways. These changes have been in motion for several years, affecting nearly all countries in the world. During the COVID-19 pandemic, technology has created new opportunities for digital financial services to accelerate and enhance financial inclusion, amid social distancing and containment measures. At the same time, the risks emerging prior to COVID-19, as digital financial services developed, are becoming even more relevant.
Fiscal Monitor October 2022
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Author : International Monetary Fund
language : en
Publisher: International Monetary Fund
Release Date : 2022-10-12
Fiscal Monitor October 2022 written by International Monetary Fund and has been published by International Monetary Fund this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2022-10-12 with Business & Economics categories.
The report explores how fiscal policy can foster resilience by protecting households against large income and employment losses. Governments face increasingly difficult trade-offs in tackling the spikes in food and energy prices when policy buffers are largely exhausted after two years of pandemic. They should prioritize protecting vulnerable groups through targeted support while keeping a tight fiscal stance to help reduce inflation. Building fiscal buffers in normal times would allow governments to respond swiftly and flexibly during adversities. Several fiscal tools, such as job-retention schemes, have proven useful to preserve jobs and income for workers. Social safety nets should be made more readily scalable and better targeted, leveraging digital technologies. Exceptional support to firms should be reserved for severe situations and requires sound fiscal risk management.
Improving Fiscal Transparency To Raise Government Efficiency And Reduce Corruption Vulnerabilities In Central Eastern And Southeastern Europe
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Author : Mr.Bernardin Akitoby
language : en
Publisher: International Monetary Fund
Release Date : 2020-05-11
Improving Fiscal Transparency To Raise Government Efficiency And Reduce Corruption Vulnerabilities In Central Eastern And Southeastern Europe written by Mr.Bernardin Akitoby and has been published by International Monetary Fund this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2020-05-11 with Business & Economics categories.
This departmental paper investigates how countries in Central, Eastern, and Southeastern Europe (CESEE) can improve fiscal transparency, thereby raising government efficiency and reducing corruption vulnerabilities.
Policy Advice To Asia In The Covid 19 Era
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Author : Changyong Rhee
language : en
Publisher: International Monetary Fund
Release Date : 2021-03-05
Policy Advice To Asia In The Covid 19 Era written by Changyong Rhee and has been published by International Monetary Fund this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2021-03-05 with Health & Fitness categories.
The Asia-Pacific region was the first to be hit by the COVID-19 pandemic; it put a strain on its people and economies, and policymaking became exceptionally difficult. This departmental paper contains the assessment of the key challenges facing Asia at this critical juncture and policy advice to the region both to address the current challenges and to build the foundations for a more sustainable and inclusive future. The paper focuses on (1) adjusting to the COVID-19 shock, (2) using unconventional policies when policy space is limited, (3) dealing with debt, and (4) helping the vulnerable and greening the recovery. The paper first presents the different ways countries are adjusting to the COVID-19 shock.
Powering The Digital Economy Opportunities And Risks Of Artificial Intelligence In Finance
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Author : El Bachir Boukherouaa
language : en
Publisher: International Monetary Fund
Release Date : 2021-10-22
Powering The Digital Economy Opportunities And Risks Of Artificial Intelligence In Finance written by El Bachir Boukherouaa and has been published by International Monetary Fund this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2021-10-22 with Business & Economics categories.
This paper discusses the impact of the rapid adoption of artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning (ML) in the financial sector. It highlights the benefits these technologies bring in terms of financial deepening and efficiency, while raising concerns about its potential in widening the digital divide between advanced and developing economies. The paper advances the discussion on the impact of this technology by distilling and categorizing the unique risks that it could pose to the integrity and stability of the financial system, policy challenges, and potential regulatory approaches. The evolving nature of this technology and its application in finance means that the full extent of its strengths and weaknesses is yet to be fully understood. Given the risk of unexpected pitfalls, countries will need to strengthen prudential oversight.
Policy Actions For Covid 19 Economic Recovery
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Author : Ramesh Subramaniam
language : en
Publisher: Asian Development Bank
Release Date : 2021-07-01
Policy Actions For Covid 19 Economic Recovery written by Ramesh Subramaniam and has been published by Asian Development Bank this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2021-07-01 with Medical categories.
The Policy Actions for COVID-19 Economic Recovery (PACER) Dialogues were held from June to September 2020 as the coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic accelerated around the world. They shared cutting-edge knowledge and best practices to help countries in Southeast Asia and the People's Republic of China strengthen cooperation to mitigate the devastating effects of COVID-19 and accelerate their economic recovery. This compendium of 13 policy briefs summarizes the discussions, recommendations, and actionable insights from the PACER Dialogues.
Covid 19 How Will European Banks Fare
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Author : Mr.Shekhar Aiyar
language : en
Publisher: International Monetary Fund
Release Date : 2021-03-26
Covid 19 How Will European Banks Fare written by Mr.Shekhar Aiyar and has been published by International Monetary Fund this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2021-03-26 with Business & Economics categories.
This paper evaluates the impact of the crisis on European banks’ capital under a range of macroeconomic scenarios, using granular data on the size and riskiness of sectoral exposures. The analysis incorporates the important role of pandemic-related policy support, including not only regulatory relief for banks, but also policies to support businesses and households, which act to shield the financial sector from the real economic shock.
Financing Smes And Entrepreneurs 2020 An Oecd Scoreboard
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Author : OECD
language : en
Publisher: OECD Publishing
Release Date : 2020-04-22
Financing Smes And Entrepreneurs 2020 An Oecd Scoreboard written by OECD and has been published by OECD Publishing this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2020-04-22 with categories.
The 9th edition of the Scoreboard on Financing SMEs and Entrepreneurs report provides data from 48 countries around the world on SME lending, alternative finance instruments and financing conditions, as well as information on policy initiatives to improve SME access to finance.
The State As Financier Of Last Resort
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Author : Bryn Battersby
language : en
Publisher: International Monetary Fund
Release Date : 2022-10-13
The State As Financier Of Last Resort written by Bryn Battersby and has been published by International Monetary Fund this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2022-10-13 with Business & Economics categories.
During the COVID-19 pandemic and global financial crisis, governments swiftly served as financiers of last resort through large financial support measures (FSMs) such as loan and guarantee programs and equity injections in firms. This Staff Discussion Note argues that such FSMs prevented bankruptcies and attenuated the recession by increasing firms’ liquidity, reducing risk premiums, and boosting confidence. But FSMs also carry large and long-lasting fiscal costs and risks. The note presents recommendations for managing the legacies of the COVID-19 programs and preparing for future crises. Ideally, FSMs should be assessed and included in budget plans, though a balance needs to be struck between speed and scrutiny.